论理解教育是学校内涵式发展的有效战略

理解教育是学校内涵式发展的有效战略.之所以有效,是因为它的诸多科学举措.这主要包括创建理解型学校,变革校园文化;自然分材,提升教学质量;校本培育,提高师资水平;合作学习,促进学生全面发展.     

Biological Principles and Threshold Concepts for Understanding Natural Selection

Modern evolutionary theory is both a central theory and an integrative framework of the life sciences. This is reflected in the common references to evolution in modern science education curricula and contexts. In fact, evolution is a core idea that is supposed to support biology learning by facilitating the organization of relevant knowledge. In addition, evolution can function as a pivotal link between concepts and highlight similarities in the complexity of biological concepts. However, empirical studies in many countries have for decades identified deficiencies in students’ scientific understanding of evolution mainly focusing on natural selection. Clearly, there are major obstacles to learning natural selection, and we argue that to overcome them, it is essential to address explicitly the general abstract concepts that underlie the biological processes, e.g., randomness or probability. Hence, we propose a two-dimensional framework for analyzing and structuring teaching of natural selection. The first—purely biological—dimension embraces the three main principles variation, heredity, and selection structured in nine key concepts that form the core idea of natural selection. The second dimension encompasses four so-called thresholds, i.e., general abstract and/or non-perceptual concepts: randomness, probability, spatial scales, and temporal scales. We claim that both of these dimensions must be continuously considered, in tandem, when teaching evolution in order to allow development of a meaningful understanding of the process. Further, we suggest that making the thresholds tangible with the aid of appropriate kinds of visualizations will facilitate grasping of the threshold concepts, and thus, help learners to overcome the difficulties in understanding the central theory of life.     

初三物理电学复习策略

指导思想:重视基础,训练能力,落实新课标 1专题复习 1.1基本概念专题 串并联电路、导体绝缘体、电流大小、方向、单位、测量工具,各种效应、电压的作用、单位、电阻大小相关因素、单位、电流表、电压表、滑动变阻器、欧姆定律、串并联电路的电流、电压、电阻、电功、电功率之间的关系等.复习时反对死记硬背,要将概念融入题目中,如:为了考查学生的串联、并联的概念的例1.     

Young Children's Understanding of Addition Concepts

Children's knowledge of concrete versions of additive composition, commutativity and associativity was investigated in two studies. In Study 1, 24 four- to five-year-olds and 25 five- to six-year-olds judged the equivalence of conceptually related addition problems presented using groups of objects. In Study 2, 45 five- to six-year-olds judged related problems and solved addition problems. Both studies indicated that concrete versions of principles were salient to most children although associativity was more difficult than commutativity and there were considerable individual differences in children's understanding. Study 1 results indicated that schoolchildren were more accurate at recognising additive composition than preschoolers and Study 2 results suggested that commutativity knowledge was related to using advanced counting strategies for solving addition problems. Overall, the research supports the claim that examining early knowledge of addition principles provides important insights into children's emerging part-whole knowledge and mathematical development.     

Personal Storytelling as a Medium of Socialization in Chinese and American Families

The goal of this study was to determine how personal storytelling functions as a socializing practice within the family context in middle-class Taiwanese and middle-class European American families. The data consist of more than 200 naturally occurring stories in which the past experiences of the focal child, aged 2,6, were narrated. These stories were analyzed at 3 levels: content, function, and structure. Findings converged across these analytic levels, indicating that personal storytelling served overlapping yet distinct socializing functions in the 2 cultural cases. In keeping with the high value placed on didactic narrative within the Confucian tradition, Chinese families were more likely to use personal storytelling to convey moral and social standards. European American families did not treat stories of young children's past experiences as a didactic resource but instead employed stories as a medium of entertainment and affirmation. These findings suggest not only that personal storytelling operates as a routine socializing practice in widely different cultures but also that it is already functionally differentiated by 2,6.     

The Historical Ideal-Type as a Heuristic Device for Academic Storytelling by Sport Scholars

The goal of this research endeavor is to take the previous calls of sport scholars to expand into alternative research approaches (e.g., history, case study, law reviews, philosophy, etc.) and to show how storytelling can be an effective tool through the use of a heuristic device. The present analysis attempts to focus on the usage of the historical ideal-type as a heuristic device for academic storytelling so that scholars within sport studies can possibly become more comfortable in other methodological approaches. To support this goal, an example of a sport-focused historical ideal-type is reviewed along with an ideal-type activity practiced in other disciplines. Finally, the contribution and employment of academic storytelling and historical ideal-types will be promoted as an important tactic to enhance the impact of a scholar’s academic findings and overall writing potential.     

Understanding the Dialectical Relations Between Everyday Concepts and Scientific Concepts Within Play-Based Programs

In recent times there has been an enormous interest in Vygotsky’s writing on conceptual development, particularly his insights on the differences between everyday and scientific thinking. In drawing upon cultural–historical theory, this paper seeks to examine the relations between everyday concepts and scientific concepts within playful contexts, such as preschools, with a view to better understanding how very young children develop conceptual understandings in science. This paper presents an overview of a study which sought to map the transformation and appropriation of scientific concepts within two early childhood settings. Approximately ten weeks of data gathering took place, with video recordings, field notes, photographic documentation, and child and teacher interviews for recording child concept formation within these naturalistic settings. The findings indicate that when teacher programs are more oriented towards concepts rather than materials, children’s play is focused on conceptual connections. Importantly, the study showed that: It was possible to map the multiple and dynamic levels or stratas of thinking that a child or group of children may exhibit within play-based contexts; An analysis of ‘unorganised heaps’ and ‘complexive thinking’ evident in conceptually or materially oriented play-based programs can be determined; the dialectical relations between everyday concepts and scientific concepts in play-based programs can be understood; and greater understanding about the nature of concept formation in situated playful contexts have been possible.     

Two Mechanisms for Understanding Mathematical Concepts in Terms of Fictive Motions

This article discusses two mechanisms through which understanding static mathematical concepts (basic and more advanced mathematical concepts) in terms of fictive motions or motion events enhance our understanding of these concepts. It is suggested that at least two mechanisms are involved in this enhancing process. The first mechanism enables us to employ both the motor system and the visual system as two contributing cognitive resources to process the static concept. When one representation of a mathematical concept is transformed into another representation, there is a shift in the mode of processing. This shift facilitates the process of employing new cognitive resources such as the motor and visual systems. The second mechanism, which is a special form of mental simulation, enables us to simulate the process of formation of the static concept, which, in turn, makes it easier for us to understand the structure and properties of the static concept.     

Storytelling for Young Children in a Multicultural World

Early childhood educators are challenged to introduce children to the world of their future, a world that is and will increasingly become multicultural and multiracial. Storytelling is a powerful tool to promote an understanding of self and others. Readers are informed of the selection criteria for identifying stories to tell to young children from the colorful tapestry of Asian American, African American, Hispanic, and Native American heritages. Key questions to ask and answer in selecting culturally sensitive stories are also discussed, including the elements of character development, prejudice reduction, authority and authorship, and language. A storyteller's sampler of selected stories for preschool and primary-age students is included in the annotated bibliography. Reference sources for educators on storytelling techniques and strengthening understanding of multicultural perspectives are also described.     

对教师教育有关概念的认识

上世纪末,我国的教师教育步入了转型期。十多年来,学界对教师教育的研究掀起了热潮,高师院校的改革实践也方兴未艾。但在改革实践中人们对教师教育、教师教育转型、教师教育特色等几个基本概念的认识尚存在一定的模糊性。本文在已有研究成果的基础上,对上述几个基本概念进行了重新梳理和界定。     

Primary Children's Understanding of Early Modern Artists' Concepts

This paper reports on the first three weeks of a piece of classroom action research that took place over a period of eight weeks. It involved three primary classes: 5 year olds, 7/8 year olds and 11 year olds. The research was carried out in two contrasting settings: inner city Toxteth, Liverpool, with two classes of 5 and 11 year olds, and a leafy suburban setting in Cheshire, with one class of 7/8 year olds. The research sought answers to the following questions: Can young children understand some aspects of the concepts that inform modern art? Could that understanding be used to bring about cognitive development in their artwork? How are the developmental differences between 5, 7/8, and 11 year olds demonstrated? Do inner-city children perform less well than suburban children in art? Could each child's learning be assessed in art? For reasons of brevity this paper gives evidence of the 5 and 11 year old children's work and reports on the 7/8 year olds response in the conclusion.     

Storytelling Dramas as a Community Building Activity in an Early Childhood Classroom

Healthy social-emotional development is promoted by building a safe, secure and respectful environment in an early childhood setting with positive and consistent relationships among adults, children, and their peers. This study explored storytelling dramas as an opportunity to build community within the context of one early childhood classroom. The study was a qualitative, interpretive analysis of 20 videotaped storytelling drama sessions containing approximately 100 stories told by children in one preschool classroom over a 6-month period. Videotapes of the 20 storytelling sessions were analyzed for patterns and themes that may represent community building within the context of one preschool classroom. Qualitative methods were used to identify themes that emerged from the videotaped data. Triangulation across investigators, time, and methods enhanced trustworthiness of interpretations. Results showed that the storytelling drama activity provided opportunities to promote community building through four emerging themes: (1) individual roles, (2) group membership, (3) inclusion, and (4) relationship building. Storytelling dramas provide teachers with an easy to implement teaching strategy that builds community and aligns with current early childhood education quality standards and child development theory.     

教学策略、教学模式等概念辩析

教学规律、教学原则、教学模式、教学方法,和教学策略这一组术语,近20年来在我国的"教学论"中使用频率较高,相互之间的联系较为密切,然而,这5个概念却又是容易混淆的.明辨其涵义及相互间的联系与区别,是建立教学理论的前提,做一些清思的工作对教学理论与实践都是有指导意义的.     

Teaching and Learning in a Storytelling Culture

In the classroom, the ability to tell the right story at the right time is an essential pedagogical skill. Storytelling speaks to what makes us human: a search for meaning. In diverse instructional settings, non-stories provide information while resonant narratives teach, inspire, and motivate students by engaging them emotionally and intellectually. Inspirational stories in educational environments provide a compelling challenge, narrate the struggle to overcome that unexpected challenge, and deliver an eye-opening resolution that calls listeners to action. Because our lives and our cultures are composed of a series of overlapping stories, a single story is almost never the definitive story of another individual or culture essentially due to its incompleteness.     

Facilitating Conceptual Change in Students' Understanding of Ecological Concepts

In this study, the effect of conceptual-change-texts-oriented instruction to seventh-grade students' understanding of ecological concepts was investigated. Using information collected through interviews and related literature, the Ecology Concept Test was developed and administered to 58 elementary students in two classes of an elementary school before and after the treatment. The experimental group received conceptual-change-texts-oriented instruction and the control group received traditional instruction. Results of independent t test analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the gain score means of the students in both groups with respect to ecological concepts in favor of experimental group after the treatment.     

Storytelling as a democratic approach to data collection: interviewing children about reading

Background Before the 1990s, an individual or medical model dominated educational research methodology with respect to younger children: the subjects of the research were usually considered untrustworthy sources of information. A subsequent shift towards an ecological model has focused on the child's perspective: however, Lewis and Lindsay have described the development of methods for conducting research with children as slow.

Purpose This paper examines how storytelling can be used as a method of collecting authentic and revealing research data from children. The method is suggested as a valuable way in which to gain insights into children's discourse, and is used in this paper in relation to children's discourse about reading.

Sample, design and methods The storytelling method was initially trialled in one school with 36 children aged between 5 and 11 years. The storytelling interview was then used in case studies over a period of a year in three schools, with a total of 88 7- and 8-year-old children. During the interviews, children were asked to tell a story entitled ‘The child who didn't like reading’. Systematic content analysis was undertaken to identify emergent cultural norms and models in the stories. Information on the children's reading practices, and their observations on reading, was also collected for the purposes of triangulation.

Results The children's storytelling gave access to their cultural models of reading. It was found that the stories demonstrated sufficient triangulation with the other data about the children's reading practices to support a sociocultural production of the children's discourse.

Conclusions Storytelling can provide a useful and credible method of collecting research data from children. It may be especially useful with poor readers as there are no literacy demands, and in this respect, affords socially inclusive research.     

对集合概念与非集合概念的再认识

对单个概念分析是否集合概念没有意义 ,并且不能真正区分集合概念与非集合概念。只有在语言环境中分析一个概念是表达集合概念还是非集合概念 ,才能对人们的思维活动产生指导和帮助使用     

大学生高斯定理学习状况的考评与研究

高斯定理是大学物理电学部分的重要内容。以大一学生作为调查对象,以概念考评和深度访谈作为主要手段的调查结果表明:学生在与高斯定理相关的基本概念、基本技能上均存在较多问题,有些问题从来未被发现,另有一些重要且被忽视的教学目标在调查过程中显现出来。调查研究既发现了问题,也给予重要的启示:任课教师应当以互动的方式强化概念性问题教学;适当阅读中外实证类文献以获取相关信息;适当结合课堂教学开展小型实证研究。     

Understanding allyhood as a developmental process

Rhian Waters challenges us to move beyond the concept of allyhood as identity and applies student development theory to the development of social justice allies.