北宋词的悲剧美学特质

以现代悲剧美学理论观照北宋词可知，北宋词抒写了悲剧意识，折射出悲剧精神，是词人的悲剧意识与悲剧精神的载体。其悲剧意识主要有三种范型，即词人的生命悲剧意识、词体的生存悲剧意识、词学主体的情感悲剧意识；其悲剧精神主要有两重内涵，即鲜明的抗争精神、与现实社会相矛盾的价值观。     

建安诗歌的悲剧意蕴

建安诗歌具有浓郁的悲剧性。在动荡现实面前的忧郁与恐惧、静思后的悲哀与欢乐是诗中的悲剧情感，已经隐含着诗人的悲剧意识，醇酒与音乐带来的疯狂、民歌与神话引发的冲动展现了诗人的悲剧性格，形成了敢于直面人生的悲剧精神；险恶的环境、神秘的气氛与阔大的境界融合成诗中的悲剧情境，使诗歌充满了悲剧的情调，赋予了建安诗歌深刻的悲剧意蕴。     

悲剧与悲剧创作

任何伟大的悲剧在一定程度上都是悲观的，但是任何伟大的悲剧归根结底又必然是乐观的。衡量一部伤口是不是悲剧应该从这两个方面进行观照。依其形态特征的不同，可分为古典悲剧和现代悲剧。现在看来，典型的古典悲剧已不复存在。与古典悲剧迥然不同的现代悲剧，其思想基础建筑在现代科学之上，其构成就发生了变化，因此，有人称现代悲剧为世俗悲剧。中国学被认为没有产生过严格意义上的悲剧，这种情形最突出地表现在大多数古典剧作中。而现代学史上名作家的作品，如《子夜》，《家》，《骆驼祥子》与《日出》等，均堪称现代悲剧的范列。在当代中国坛一度没有悲剧作品。但悲剧并不会永远消灭，悲剧美永远给人以鼓舞。     

终极和谐－东方悲剧的神髓－－重读菲尔多西《王书》“苏赫拉布的悲剧”

波斯大诗人菲尔多西的《王书》中的“四大悲剧”，自始至终充溢着忧郁的情绪，笼罩着悲壮的气氛，表现了崇高的情态，体现了强烈的悲剧精神。尤其是“苏赫拉布的悲剧”，无论从题材，人物，还是情节，冲突等诸多方面无不符合西方所谓“悲剧原则”，呈现出典型的“悲剧模式”。然而，东方世界观决定了东方悲剧意识的独特性，诗人对“终极和谐”的追求，形成了东西方悲剧在审美理想上的巨大差异，这也许就是造成西方文学理论界的所谓“东方无悲剧”的误解的缘由。     

中西悲剧文类比较

“中国有无悲剧”这个问题的争论由来已久，本文从回答这个问题入手，认为中国有悲剧存在。同时，本文对中西悲剧进行了论述，并究其原因，提出中国的悲剧更应叫“苦剧”的观点，最后表达了对中西悲剧的基本看法。     

《娇红记》悲剧意义试探

《娇红记》是中国古代十大悲剧之一，作孟称舜以现实主义手法描写了中纯、王娇娘的爱情悲剧。中、王的爱情悲剧，不只是个人的悲剧，实际上也是社会的悲剧、历史的悲剧。     

论凤姐悲剧的双重性

凤姐的悲剧是双重性的悲剧。她的悲剧是她作为封建家庭的维护者蛀蚀了其所依存的大厦，加速封建家庭崩溃的悲剧，也是她作为封建时代受封建礼教戕害的妇女的悲剧。第一种悲剧中的凤姐罪有应得，第二种悲剧中的凤姐则令人叹惜、同情。     

高阳历史小说的悲剧意识

本文提出，“以小说造史”的历史小说巨擘高阳，亦是以历史小说营造悲剧的大家。从高阳作品所展现的恢宏画卷中，我们读到了历史，同时读到了民族艰难的悲剧史。本文从两方面论述了高阳历史小说的悲剧意识：一、透视了高阳笔下形形色色的悲剧人物，分析了帝王、士子、娼女、商贾、侠士等各类人物的悲剧命运、典型意义及其体现的深厚的历史感。二、从铺演历史悲剧的必然性、展现有价值人生的痛苦及于“平常悲剧”中显示悲剧艺术的魅力等三方面切入，探讨了高阳历史小说的悲剧特色     

《古诗十九首》的悲剧美

《古诗十九首》以现实的普通人作为悲剧的主角，真切地表现普通人心灵深处的悲伤，表现个体生命意识的张扬和人生的深刻体验，毫不隐瞒地抒写了性压抑饥渴给人们带来的痛苦，表达了对爱情对人生对本能对欲望的肯定和呼唤，其强烈的悲剧激情、悲剧矛盾、悲剧冲突、悲剧结局等因素，构成了丰富的悲剧美。     

文学中的悲剧性探讨

文学是社会生活的形象反映，社会存，悲剧在，无论什么时代都有酿成 悲剧的可能。原始社会有自然悲剧的出现，奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会又增加了社会悲剧和人造悲剧。社会主义社会虽然是一个崭新的社会，但它的制度有不完善之处，这种不完善也可能出现人造悲剧，不过这悲剧只是局部的、相对的。未来的共产主义社会，是高度发达、高度民主、高度文明的社会，然而，随着地球的衰老，各种危机突现出来，仍然会产生自然悲剧。因此，我们说悲剧是文学永恒的题材。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.