大学英语课堂中的语用失误及其教学对策

由于受到母语语言规则、社会文化背景、思维模式等影响,学生在大学英语课堂交际过程中经常出现语用失误。针对此情况,作者提出了相应的教学对策,以期在培养学生的语言能力的同时也注重学生语用能力的提高,与以英语为本族语者进行交谈时避免交际失误和误解,从而提高学生的英语综合应用能力。     

中学聋生网络交往情况的调查与分析

随着互联网的普及,网络为聋生的沟通与交往提供了一个全新的平台。网络交往作为一种新型的交往方式正深刻地影响着聋生的学习和生活。本文采用自编问卷,对83名中学聋生网络交往的情况进行调查和分析。调查结果显示：中学聋生普遍喜欢网络交往,他们的能力基本能满足网络交往的需要;网络交往对聋生语言能力、社会交往能力具有积极的影响;但学校网络资源配置相对缺乏,聋生网络交往对象局限于聋人。因此,应改善校园网络环境,重视聋生的网络交往,加强聋生网络交往指导,并构建聋生网络学习和交流平台。     

Understanding communication among deaf students who sign and speak: a trivial pursuit?

Classroom communication between deaf students was modeled using a question-and-answer game. Participants consisted of student pairs that relied on spoken language, pairs that relied on American Sign Language (ASL), and mixed pairs in which one student used spoken language and one signed. Although the task encouraged students to request clarification of messages they did not understand, such requests were rare, and did not vary across groups. Face-to-face communication was relatively poor in all groups. Students in the ASL group understood questions more readily than students who relied on oral communication. Although comprehension was low for all groups, those using oral communication provided more correct free responses, although the numbers were low; no significant differences existed for multiple-choice responses. Results are discussed in terms of the possibility that many deaf students have developed lower criteria for comprehension, and related challenges for classroom communication access.     

中介语语用学视角下大学生语用能力的培养及其测试

我国大学生英语语用能力的现状令人忧虑,大学生语用能力差与我们的教学理念、教学模式直接相关。必须积极探索培养大学生语用能力的有效途径,在大学英语考试中增加语用测试有其现实必要性。     

浅谈语用学与大学英语教学

我国的大学英语教学普遍存在着重知识轻能力的弊端.长期以来以教授语法、词汇为中心的教学模式,培养的学生只会做各种试题,机械地应付考试,面对实际应用时,听不懂,说不出,常常犯一些语用错误.在大学英语教学过程中应该注重培养学生的语用能力,从而提高学生的跨文化交际能力.     

跨文化交际中的语言语用问题

语言语用问题是影响跨文化交际成功的重要因素之一。语言语用问题有两种表现形式 ,即套用母语的表达式和误用目的语的其它表达方式。在外语教学中 ,教师应帮助学习者克服语用错误 ,培养语用能力     

英语口语交际中跨文化语用失误探析

在跨文化交际中,语用失误是日常交际中的一种普遍现象。本文旨在探讨英语口语交际中的跨文化语用失误现象及其分类,进而探讨其成因,解释这些成因如何导致英语本族语者与非本族语者之间产生交流障碍,并提出相应的解决对策以提高跨文化交际的效率,力求从跨文化语用学的角度为英语口语教学带来启示。     

The receptive communication abilities of deaf students under oral, manual, and combined methods.

Two groups of severely and profoundly deaf students aged 10 to 17 years were tested on their abilities to choose, from a set of four pictures, the one matching a sentence presented on videotape under 11 different communication conditions. The communication conditions involved individual and combined presentations of lipreading, listening, fingerspelling, and signed English. Severely deaf students scored higher than profoundly deaf students under all conditions except those that involved signed English, where the profoundly deaf group scored as high as the severely deaf group. All the students scored higher under conditions that involved audition, including lipreading plus audition, than under audition alone. The discussion of the results highlights methodological problems that made it difficult to interpret some previous studies in this area. Practical implications of the results for both oral education of the deaf and simultaneous communication are also discussed.     

实施聋校沟通与交往课程的研究

聋校课程的实施必须遵循聋生身心发展规律,增设具有聋教育特点的课程,其中沟通与交往课是新课程的一大亮点,在沟通与交往课程的设计中根据聋生的特殊需要选择适合他们的方法帮助他们掌握多元化的沟通交往技能与方式,促进聋生沟通与交往能力的发展。     

Conversations between deaf children and their hearing mothers: pragmatic and dialogic characteristics

We examined communication between hearing mothers and their deaf or hearing children longitudinally at child-ages 22 months and 3 years. Specifically, we analyzed both the effects of child deafness and developmental change on pragmatic and dialogic characteristics of communication. From 22 months to 3 years, deaf and hearing children's communicative skills improved similarly along some dimensions: as they grew older, both deaf and hearing children increased the amount they communicated, became increasingly responsive to their mothers' attentional focus, and were responsible for initiating a higher proportion of the dyads' conversations. On the other hand, deaf children were less skilled at maintaining topics, and the pragmatic function of their communication was more likely to be unclear compared to hearing children. Deaf children were also more likely to direct their mothers and less likely to ask questions than hearing children. Communication by hearing mothers was primarily examined to determine the degree to which they controlled the interactions. Overall, mothers of deaf children were only more controlling along one dimension. Mothers of deaf children used more response controls than mothers of hearing children. However, the majority of measures suggested they did not exert more topic or turn-taking controls than did mothers of hearing children. In addition, mothers of deaf and hearing children seemed equally sensitive to their children's communication abilities. Communication by mothers of both deaf and hearing children changed in similar ways as their children developed. Most of the differences in communication by mothers of deaf and hearing children seemed attributable to the deaf children's linguistic delays. The results suggest that intervention efforts should be focused on fostering linguistic development and not general communication skills or changing maternal conversational control.     

高职英语教学情景下的话轮转换机制的应用及启示

话轮转换理论揭示了会话互动的特征,话轮转换和相邻对的语用策略的运用则反映出会话参与者的交际水平。本文拟从话轮转换机制和相关的语用策略两方面探讨高职学生会话能力的培养。     

论高中生英语语用能力的自我培养

语用能力是运用语言进行得体交际的能力。目前,高中生的英语语用能力普遍较弱,在交际中,经常出现种种语用失误。从高中生的角度出发,语用能力和语用失误的具有特定内涵,语用失误可分为不同类型,各种语用失误均有不同成因和各自的正确表达形式,教学中可采用多种途径培养英语语用能力。     

跨文化交际中的语用失误

"语用失误"由英国语言学家托马斯于1983年在<跨文化语用失误>一文中首次提出.其危害性在于会引起操本族语者与外语学习者之间的误会,破坏人们之闻的交际,使和谐的人际关系变得紧张.托马斯把语用失误划分为两类:语言语用失误和社交语用失误.语用失误是跨文化交际失败的重要根源,可以反映学习者语用能力的强弱.     

Vocabulary Use by Low, Moderate, and High ASL-Proficient Writers Compared to Hearing ESL and Monolingual Speakers

The written English vocabulary of 72 deaf elementary school students of various proficiency levels in American Sign Language (ASL) was compared with the performance of 60 hearing English-as-a-second-language (ESL) speakers and 61 hearing monolingual speakers of English, all of similar age. Students were asked to retell "The Tortoise and the Hare" story (previously viewed on video) in a writing activity. Writing samples were later scored for total number of words, use of words known to be highly frequent in children's writing, redundancy in writing, and use of English function words. All deaf writers showed significantly lower use of function words as compared to their hearing peers. Low-ASL-proficient students demonstrated a highly formulaic writing style, drawing mostly on high-frequency words and repetitive use of a limited range of function words. The moderate- and high-ASL-proficient deaf students' writing was not formulaic and incorporated novel, low-frequency vocabulary to communicate their thoughts. The moderate- and high-ASL students' performance revealed a departure from findings one might expect based on previous studies with deaf writers and their vocabulary use. The writing of the deaf writers also differed from the writing of hearing ESL speakers. Implications for deaf education and literacy instruction are discussed, with special attention to the fact that ASL-proficient, deaf second-language learners of English may be approaching English vocabulary acquisition in ways that are different from hearing ESL learners.     

语用失误与外语教学

语用学作为语言学一个新的分支,研究的是语言的实际运用及其规律。在以英语为主导语言的交际中,中国学生往往因为中文话语行为,或是使用了不恰当的语言形式,或是错误的理解了语言形式,或是受了文化因素的影响等原因,导致了交际的失败。本文试图对中国学生和英语本族语使用者在语用差异和交际中的语用失误进行研究,解决上述问题。     

Pragmatic language in deaf and hard of hearing students: correlation with success in general education

Deaf and hard of hearing children have shown delays and difficulties in pragmatic behaviors due to insufficient exposure to common daily discourse and underlying impoverishment in all components of language development. In a study in a school district in a southeastern U.S. state, the researchers investigated the relationship between sociolinguistic pragmatic competence in 81 deaf and hard of hearing students and these students' degree of hearing loss, communication mode, and degree of success in general education. Two measures, one devised by the state's department of education and one developed within the local school system, were used: the Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (Georgia Department of Education, 2000) and the Socio-Pragmatic Skills Checklist for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students (Cobb County School District, 1997). The researchers found that whether the students used spoken language or signed language, socio-pragmatic language had a high, positive correlation with academic outcomes.     

From Here and Now to There and Then: The Development of Displaced Reference in Homesign and English

An essential function of human language is the ability to refer to information that is spatially and temporally displaced from the location of the speaker and the listener, that is, displaced reference . This article describes the development of this function in 4 deaf children who were not exposed to a usable conventional language model and communicated via idiosyncratic gesture systems, called homesign, and in 18 hearing children who were acquiring English as a native language. Although the deaf children referred to the nonpresent much less frequently and at later ages than the hearing children, both groups followed a similar developmental path, adding increasingly abstract categories of displaced reference to their repertoires in the same sequence. Care-givers in both groups infrequently initiated displaced reference, except with respect to communication about past events. Despite the absence of a shared linguistic code, the deaf children succeeded in evoking the non-present by generating novel gestures, by modifying the context of conventional gestures, and by pragmatic means. The findings indicate that a conventional language model is not essential for children to be able to extend their communication beyond the here and now.     

聋生使用笔谈的调查研究

为了全面认识笔谈在聋人交际中的作用 ,并为在聋生中加强笔谈教学提供理论上的依据 ,本研究对上海市两所聋校 70名学生的笔谈使用情况进行了问卷调查。结果表明 :笔谈能切实提高聋人与健听人的交际效果 ,对聋生形成积极的交际态度、帮助他们回归主流社会有着重要的意义 ;听力损失程度与笔谈使用频率有着极其显著的正相关 ;语文成绩与笔谈水平存在着极其显著的正相关。建议对聋生进行切实有效的笔谈教学。     

聋生使用笔谈的调查研究

为了全面认识笔谈在聋人交际中的作用,并为在聋生中加强笔谈教学提供理论上的依据,本研究对上海市两所聋校70名学生的笔谈使用情况进行了问卷调查。结果表明:笔谈能切实提高聋人与健听人的交际效果,对聋生形成积极的交际态度,帮助他们回归主流社会有着重要的意义:听力损失程度与笔谈使用频率有着极其显著的正相关;语文成绩与笔谈水平存在着极其显著的正相关。建议对聋生进行切实有效的笔谈教学。