Discrete and continuous conceptualizations of science: Implications for knowledge domain visualization

Visual depiction of the structure and evolution of science has been proposed as a key strategy for dealing with the large, complex, and increasingly interdisciplinary records of scientific communication. While every such visualization assumes the existence of spatial structures within the system of science, new methods and tools are rarely linked to thorough reflection on the underlying spatial concepts. Meanwhile, geographic information science has adopted a view of geographic space as conceptualized through the duality of discrete objects and continuous fields. This paper argues that conceptualization of science has been dominated by a view of its constituent elements (e.g., authors, articles, journals, disciplines) as discrete objects. It is proposed that, like in geographic information science, alternative concepts could be used for the same phenomenon. For example, one could view an author as either a discrete object at a specific location or as a continuous field occupying all of a discipline. It is further proposed that this duality of spatial concepts can extend to the methods by which low-dimensional geometric models of high-dimensional scientific spaces are created and used. This can result in new methods revealing different kinds of insights. This is demonstrated by a juxtaposition of two visualizations of an author's intellectual evolution on the basis of either a discrete or continuous conceptualization.     

Communication and successful aging: Testing alternative conceptualizations of uncertainty

The communicative ecology model of successful aging (CEMSA), which theorizes how people’s communication can influence their experiences of successful aging, takes as axiomatic that aging involves uncertainty. In two studies, with data from the U.S. and the U.K., we compared the viability of two conceptualizations of uncertainty about aging in the CEMSA: the model’s original operationalization, uncertainty discrepancy, and an alternative, the perceived probability of negative experiences (PPNE) associated with aging. In both studies, uncertainty discrepancy and PPNE contributed independently to attitudes toward aging; PPNE emerged as a stronger predictor of people’s affective reactions to aging. These findings underscore the importance of multifaceted views of uncertainty for scholars of communication and aging.     

信息学与信息管理学比较研究

本文对信息学与信息管理学的关系进行了比较研究,以便准确把握二者的共性和个性,提高对学科理论的认识.     

图书馆学情报学特征方法浅议

论述图书馆学情报学的特征方法，并说明了它们对完善图书馆学情报学学科体系的意义。     

从引文分析看档案学与图书馆学、情报学的学科融合

从引文分析的角度,利用档案期刊论文的参考文献来研究档案学借鉴图书情报领域相关知识情况及其随时间变化的发展趋势,同时,对学科交叉部分进行词频分析,把握图情档三学科关注的共同问题。从而体现出信息化战略背景下,档案学的研究对象和研究内容的拓展和延伸。     

科技论文科学美的特征及其在交通科学中的体现

分析科学美学真与美的关系,探讨科技论文科学美的基本特征及科技期刊编辑在审稿中对科学美学的运用原则,介绍科学美在交通科学技术中的几种表现形式.     

A response to criticisms of organizational socialization research: In support of contemporary conceptualizations of organizational assimilation

This essay is a response to a growing body of literature that is critical of tradition conceptualizations of organizational socialization (Bullis, 1993; Clair, 1996; Smith & Turner, 1995). First, it examines how these critics have failed to adequately appreciate conceptual distinctions made by contemporary socialization and assimilation researchers. While recognizing that these scholars have made contributions, it then points to problems in their critiques. Finally, we argue that the study of organizational assimilation would be enhanced by the use of multiple research perspectives rather than by evaluating one perspective as more appropriate than another.     

Metrics and mechanisms: Measuring the unmeasurable in the science of science

What science does, what science could do, and how to make science work? If we want to know the answers to these questions, we need to be able to uncover the mechanisms of science, going beyond metrics that are easily collectible and quantifiable. In this perspective piece, we link metrics to mechanisms by demonstrating how emerging metrics of science not only offer complementaries to existing ones, but also shed light on the hidden structure and mechanisms of science. Based on fundamental properties of science, we classify existing theories and findings into: hot and cold science referring to attention shift between scientific fields, fast and slow science reflecting productivity of scientists and teams, soft and hard science revealing reproducibility of scientific research. We suggest that interest about mechanisms of science since Derek J. de Solla Price, Robert K. Merton, Eugene Garfield, and many others complement the zeitgeist in pursuing new, complex metrics without understanding the underlying processes. We propose that understanding and modeling the mechanisms of science condition effective development and application of metrics.     

From the science of science to Scientometrics visualizing the history of science with HistCite software

While ISSI was founded in 1993, Scientometrics and Bibliometrics are now at least half a century old. Indeed, the field can be traced to early quantitative studies in the early 20th century. In the 1930s, it evolved to the “science of science.” The publication of J.D. Bernal's Social Function of Science in 1939 was a key transition point but the field lay dormant until after World War II, when D.J.D. Price's books Science Since Babylon and Little Science, Big Science were published in 1961 and 1963. His role as the “Father of Scientometrics” is clearly evident by using the HistCite software to visualize his impact as well as the subsequent impact of the journal Scientometrics on the growth of the field. Scientometrics owes its name to V.V. Nalimov, the author of Naukometriya, and to Tibor Braun who adapted the neologism for the journal. The primordial paper on citation indexing by Garfield which appeared in Science 1955 became a bridge between Bernal and Price. The timeline for the evolution of Scientometrics is demonstrated by a HistCite tabulation of the ranked citation index of the 100,000 references cited in the 3000 papers citing Price.     

International scholarly collaboration in science,technology and medicine and social science of Turkish scientists

The fundamental research question being pursued in this study is what influences the degree of international scientific collaboration among Turkish scientists? While the study has been illuminated by bibliometrics, the research study is largely exploratory and qualitative. Email questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data from Turkish scholars. According to the findings, both external (uncontrollable) factors (e.g., institutional, economic, and governmental factors) and internal factors (e.g., motivation, ambition, trust, and hope) play roles in the international collaboration behavior of Turkish scholars. It is expected that this research will contribute to the understanding of Turkey’s international scientific collaboration processes pertaining to technology, economic, strategic, and cultural policy factors. Also, the analytical framework of this study may be useful for analyzing other developing countries that have a similar scientific and demographic context to Turkey’s.     

International scholarly collaboration in science, technology and medicine and social science of Turkish scientists

The fundamental research question being pursued in this study is what influences the degree of international scientific collaboration among Turkish scientists? While the study has been illuminated by bibliometrics, the research study is largely exploratory and qualitative. Email questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data from Turkish scholars. According to the findings, both external (uncontrollable) factors (e.g., institutional, economic, and governmental factors) and internal factors (e.g., motivation, ambition, trust, and hope) play roles in the international collaboration behavior of Turkish scholars. It is expected that this research will contribute to the understanding of Turkey’s international scientific collaboration processes pertaining to technology, economic, strategic, and cultural policy factors. Also, the analytical framework of this study may be useful for analyzing other developing countries that have a similar scientific and demographic context to Turkey’s.     

移动视觉场景下档案馆微视频视觉传播探析

微视频作为当前视觉传播的重要发展方向,以其丰富的视听表达备受社会公众的关注。文章以档案馆微视频视觉传播及其特点为论述切入点,深入分析当前我国档案馆微视频视觉传播中存在的问题,提出提高视觉素养、深耕优质内容、健全传播格局、优化用户体验的发展建议。     

Speech,Hearing and Visual

No abstract available for this article.     

21世纪的图书馆学是研究图书馆的应用性综合科学

自20世纪初,图书馆学研究在我国开始兴起,到现在已近百年,中国的图书馆学可以说经历了"百年沧桑,三次高潮,四代学人".[1]产生了许多学说(见下表1)[2]:     

Books and the popularization of science

This article discusses best-selling science books, the characteristics of the audience for popular science books, and the role of books within science popularization and science education. Best-selling science books have been rare, but generally readable. Regional books, also important sources of scientific information, aim at much smaller, far more price-sensitive audiences. Many successful regional, nontechnical science books are readable, heavily illustrated, and in some cases, cross-disciplinary. To increase the attentive audience for scientific information, improvement in science education is necessary, and the most efficacious role for scientific institutions may be the production of materials that can be easily incorporated into school curricula. He is the author of several nontechnical guides to the geology of Kansas and teaches science writing at the University of Kansas School of Journalism and Mass Communications A slightly different version of this paper was presented at the joint meeting of the Association of Earth Science éditors, European Association of Editors, and the Council of Biology Editors, Ottawa, Ontario, September 1989.     

Electrotypes in science and art

Abstract

The history of the production of electrotype copies is discussed in the context of the Victorian demand for reproduction of art of all kinds utilizing plaster of Paris, photographs, copies of old prints, as well as electrotypes, predominantly of copper. The philosophical reasons for the valuing or devaluing of electrotype and other copies are discussed. Electrodeposition of metals was used for an extraordinary number of different purposes in the Victorian period, and the general craze for electrotypes made their production very popular, being produced by men and women alike of many different backgrounds. By the Edwardian era, the need had subsided and an art historical reaction to the concept of copies had begun, with photography becoming more common. Examples of the use of electrotypes for photographic tinthotypes, as well as forgeries, discovered during conservation assessment at the Getty Museum on a plain Roman cased mirror which had been augmented by an electrotyped profile head addition, and samples from electropatterns from the collections of the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, are discussed in terms of the range and type of microstructural morphology displayed by electrotype copies.     

论抗战漫画中的视觉动员、观看控制与国家认同建构

在抗日战争这场关系到灭族亡种的民族大危机面前,民族意识成为主体意识,国家认同及其建构作为抗战救亡运动中的重要任务,在很大程度上成为抗战取得胜利的关键环节.这一过程中,抗战漫画承担了国民视觉意识形态宣传与战斗动员的重要责任,通过其强大的视觉力量、高效便捷易于接受的视觉宣传效果,与日本侵略者展开了一场笔尖上的视觉争夺战与观看秩序主导战.抗战漫画为历史真相的视觉表达提供了另一种可能,基于该角度切入的研究对当下我国的民族认同与文化建设也具有重要意义.     

关于视觉传达设计学科发展与视觉文化创意产业关系的思考

随着全球经济与产业的高速发展与转型,"文化创意产业"不仅带来了文化存在形态、结构和格局的重大变化,也导致了文化的商品化和消费化,使传统的文化观念、文化存在形态、接受方式及整体格局发生了质的变革.视觉传达设计所面对的正是这样一种发展态势.