如何理解物质本体论和实践本体论及其关系

学术界通常是把物质本体论和实践本体论作相互对立的理解，本文在对本体论的含义作初步分析后。结合自己对物质和实践的关系及其在马克思主义哲学中的地位的理解，认为物质本体论和实践本体论是一致的．它们统一于马克思主义哲学自身之中。当本体在“本原”意义上使用时，作为唯物主义哲学和唯心主义精神本体论相对，马克思主义哲学的本体论是物质本体论；当本体在“本质”意义上使用时，作为“新唯物主义”和旧唯物主义相对。马克思主义哲学的本体论是实践本体论。     

关于禅宗美学本体论的再思考

中国佛教各宗要建立自己的理论系统，只能在一种本体论上建构完成，它们都是以心性作为本体范畴，而以心本原说为本体论的最高形态。而《般若》之荡相遣执之妙用与《中论》之体法空，乃是各宗之共法，而非各宗据以建立思想体系的逻辑起点——本体以及本体论。而禅宗把“心”(禅)作为本体范畴，作为自己在终极信仰中安身立命的源点，并以此为逻辑起点建构自己的理论体系。禅宗哲学与美学是以“禅”作为本体范畴，以“立心”在“禅”的本体上建构了心性本体论。     

"道"--先秦儒道哲学本体论研究

中国哲学研究历来重视先秦道家哲学“道”本体论在中国哲学史上的原创地位，而比较忽视儒家哲学创始人孔子的“道”本体哲学思想。文章认为，“道”是孔老哲学共同的本体论核心范畴，意指天地万物之本原、本质、本性；它既是一种物质实体，又是一种精神实体，“混沌”、“变通”、“阴阳”、“虚静”是表述“道”本体特征的几个重要范畴；“道”是中国哲学“天人合一”基元命题的本体论依据，也是中国古典美学和谐本质论的逻辑起点。     

禅宗美学的本体论空观

“空观”是禅宗美学的本体论范畴，把“心性本体论”作为禅宗美学的本体论是不妥当的。贯穿普遍联系原则的“缘起论”是禅宗美学“空观”的哲学基础，因而禅宗美学既要以“空观”为本体，又必须反对“顽空”观。禅宗美学正是以“空观”为本体，才把“无味”“至味”等作为美学最高范畴，作为最高的审美境界或者美的终根本原。因此，禅宗美学与西方理性主义美学是根本不同性质的美学。     

本体论重建与实践思维方式

本体论在哲学中占有十分重要的地位。本体论哲学由盛到衰再重新掘起的历程表明：所谓本体论在当代的“复兴”，不是对旧有本体论形态的回复，而是对哲学本体性质的重新规定。实践观点对于本体论的意义就在于它提供了解决本体论问题的一种全新的独特的思维方式——实践思维方式。实践的这种本体论意义，表明马克思主义哲学所追求的本体论是一个过程本体、关系本体。它是以人的实践、人的本质和人的世界彼此相互关系和运动过程来实现人的本体论境界。     

马克思辩证法的本体论革命

辩证法作为一种独特的理论思维，有其存在的“本体论承诺”。辩证法也就生成于对其“承诺”的“本体”的寻求、批判之中，因而辩证法总是与本体论纠缠在一起的。批判性是辩证法的内在本性，但这一批判本性，决不是一种对事物的简单否定和反驳，而是对其所承诺的“本体”所内含的“矛盾”的反思和批判。正是这一反思和批判，最终实现了马克思以人的生存方式为“根本”的实践批判的辩证法的本体论革命。     

实践本体论若干问题再探——答张立达先生

张立达先生的《马克思主义哲学需要怎样的“本体”——评何中华与孙亮关于马克思主义哲学本体论的争鸣》（以下简称“张文”,凡引不再详注）一文,对于物质本体论和实践本体论之争作了评论,进而主张用“对象化”取代“实践”作为本体范畴,以超越这一对立。拜读之后,觉得张文对物质作为本体何以不能成立所作的分析是有道理的,例如,说“以自然主义、科学主义的方式论证自然本体论,     

佛教本体论与奥义书

佛教是在与婆罗门教的对抗中发展起来的，二的共同源头都是奥义书，佛教原本是反本体的，但是，由于其理论体系的需要，又不得已使用本体论的方式，佛教本体论可以直接上溯到奥义书的本体论思想，奥义书关于“梵”的哲学，对于从部派佛教“心性”的讨论到大乘佛教关于“如来藏”、“佛性”和“阿赖耶识”等的讨论，有着很深的影响。     

三十年来文学本体论研究的进展与问题

“文学本体论”问题在20世纪80年代初进入中国文学理论研究中来,并很快成为研究的热点。关于“文学本体”的论争非常活跃,出现了诸如“形式本体论”、“生命本体论”、“实践本体论”、“人类学本体论”、“实践存在论”等主张。需要澄清的是,文艺学研究领域的上述诸种本体论,只是对哲学“本体论”的简单套用,事实上是非“本体论”的,是“本体论”的泛化。回顾和反思三十年来“文学本体论”研究的进展与问题,对坚持辩证唯物主义和唯物史观的“本体论”及“文学本体论”,具有重要的意义。     

西方“人学本体论”历史价值和局限初探

西方古希腊和中世纪哲学大致经历了从“始基本体论”、“属性本体论”、“概念本体论”和“神学本体论”之后,哲学传统中关于“本体”观念的演变完成了其向近代的“入学本体论”的转向,而入学本体论是指将人作为一切事物、一切知识的终极确定性根据的哲学系统。它有其自身的价值与局限,必然演化出表面上似乎与“入学本体论”截然对立,而实际上又紧密相连的另一种形态的本体论——“物质本体论”。     

Exploring the Relations between In-service Training,Prior Contacts and Teachers’ Attitudes towards Persons with Intellectual Disability

This study investigates the relations between teachers’ attitudes towards persons with intellectual disability (ID), in-service training on ID, and prior contacts with persons with ID. A sample of Canadian elementary school teachers (N?=?118) completed the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire, which measures cognitive, affective and behavioural components of attitudes towards persons with ID. Correlational and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Frequent contacts with persons with ID and experience of including a child with ID increased the likelihood of reporting prior positive contacts with persons with ID. In turn, this was associated with less discomfort towards persons with ID and more willingness towards interactions. In-service training on ID was related to better knowledge of rights and capabilities of persons with ID. Experience of including a child with ID in general education classrooms increased the likelihood to report feeling competent in teaching children with ID, which predicted more willingness to include children with ID.     

A multidimensional study of special education students' attitudes towards people with disabilities: a focus on deafness

This study explores the attitudes of future professionals working with students with disabilities towards four exceptionality groups: persons with deafness, with paralysis, with mental retardation (MR) and with delinquent behaviour, and specifically examines how deafness is perceived in comparison with the three other groups. Undergraduate students' (N=177) attitudes towards the four groups were tapped using a semantic differential scale referring to the cognitive, emotional and behavioural components of attitudes. Participants' degree of contact with people with disabilities was also reported. Results indicated that attitudes towards people with deafness were more positive than those towards the other three groups. Attitudes towards persons with paralysis were more positive than towards persons with MR and with delinquent behaviour, except when personality was considered. Emotional reactions and behavioural tendencies towards persons with delinquent behaviour were the most negative. Contact with people with disabilities had significant but low correlations with some aspects of the attitudes towards people with MR and paralysis. In general, the results of this study suggested that deafness was perceived as a physical disability and not as a social phenomenon. They also demonstrated that attitudes towards people with disabilities are a function of the particular disability condition and are multidimensional.     

Late phonological development in Spanish children with bilateral hearing loss / Desarrollo fonológico tardío en niños españoles con pérdidas auditivas bilaterales

Abstract

This study has a twofold objective: to analyse and compare the phonological processes in a sample of Spanish children with hearing loss, both with a cochlear implant and with a hearing aid, with a group with normal hearing; and to determine whether there are differences between the participants with a cochlear implant and with a hearing aid in the frequency and nature of the phonological processes. The sample is made up of 168 participants, eight with hearing loss (four with an implant and four with a hearing aid) and 160 with normal hearing. Samples of spontaneous speech were collected and transcribed using the tools from the CHILDES project. For the analysis, the phonological processes paradigm was adopted, evaluating phonological development based on normative error rates. The participants with a hearing loss show slower phonological development in terms of phonological processes, along with atypical processes. Furthermore, the participants with cochlear implants committed more phonological errors than those that wear a hearing aid. The implications of the results are discussed, and it is recommended that auditory stimulation should be done early in children with hearing loss regardless of their technical aid.     

兵无成势与经营之道

商场与战争有其相通的共同特点,以《孙子兵法》的智慧,精神指导商业实践,有如下要点:一、知彼知己,以“知”制胜;二、推陈出新,以“新”制胜;三、谋在人先,以“谋”制胜;四、合纵连横,以“交”制胜;五、奇正相生,以“奇”制胜;六、兵贵神速,以“快”制胜;七、以战养战,以“借”制胜;八、灵活多变,以“变”制胜;九、智勇双全,以“勇”制胜。     

深入把握中国特色社会主义的科学内涵

党的十八大报告深刻而全面地阐释了中国特色社会主义的科学内涵,标志着我们党对中国特色社会主义的认识更加深刻、更加准确。中国特色社会主义道路、理论体系、制度统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践中,也就形成了中国特色社会主义旗帜。深刻理解和准确把握旗帜、道路、理论体系、制度之间的关系,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信、理论自信、制度自信,是提升中国特色社会主义的境界,夺取中国特色社会主义新胜利、推进中国特色社会主义事业向前发展的重要保障。     

科学把握宗教的“三性”,维护党的执政安全

宗教是一种长期的、复杂的社会历史现象。科学认识宗教,正确处理宗教问题,切实做好宗教工作,关系到党和国家工作的全局,关系到社会和谐稳定,关系到全面建设小康社会进程,关系到中国特色社会主义事业发展,最终关系到党的执政安全。在我国社会主义条件下,我们必须科学把握宗教的长期性、群众性和特殊复杂性,从而维护好党的执政安全。     

山西省高校教师工作满意度的调查研究

通过对山西省七所高校281名教师进行的工作满意度的调查研究表明:女性教师要比男性教师的工作满意度要高,但在工作满意度的各个维度上并无显著差异;不同婚姻状况在上级满意度、工作环境满意度、晋升的满意度上存在差异显著。未婚教师整体上要比已婚教师的工作满意程度高。不同年龄段的高校教师在工作满意度的各个维度上差异均显著,尤以30-39岁、40-49岁年龄段的高校教师工作满意度的得分低;不同学历的高校教师在对上级、对工资的满意度上差异显著;不同职称的高校教师在工作满意度的各个维度上差异均为显著,讲师与副教授工作满意度的得分较低;不同工作时间的高校教师在工作本身满意度、上级满意度以及工作环境满意度的维度上存在显著差异,工作时间为11-20年的高校教师各项工作满意度的指标得分均较低。     

Interpersonal communication motives: A communibiological perspective

This study examined the relationships between interpersonal communication motives and temperament traits. Results indicated that extroversion was positively correlated with pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, and relaxation and was not correlated with control. Extroversion accounted for the most unique variance in the pleasure and relaxation motives. Neuroticism was positively correlated with inclusion, escape, and control, negatively correlated with pleasure, and not correlated with affection and relaxation. Neuroticism accounted for the most unique variance in the escape motive. Psychoticism was positively correlated with control, negatively correlated with pleasure, affection, inclusion, and relaxation, and uncorrelated with escape. Psychoticism accounted for the most unique variance in the interpersonal motives of affection and inclusion.     

论中国特色社会主义文化制度

中国特色社会主义制度体系中,基本政治制度、基本经济制度已相对明确,按照中国特色社会主义建设四位一体的布局,中国特色社会主义制度体系中还应纳入不可或缺的基本文化制度。中国特色社会主义基本文化制度是以马克思主义为指导、多元文化并存的文化制度。根据中国特色社会主义制度体系中的层次划分,中国特色社会主义文化制度也可以划分为基本文化制度和具体文化制度。当前,需要进一步明确中国特色社会主义基本文化制度与完善和发展具体文化制度。     

《淮南子》散文新论

汉初刘安及其门客所著《淮南子》在继承先秦散文基础上,形成具有独特意蕴的新的散文范式。其中藩王和藩国所属的游士之作,必然带有其独特的个性,既豪气万丈又悲情无限,激情和淡然相生相融,辞藻繁多华丽,句式灵动,洋溢着藩国文学独有的浪漫主义色彩。《淮南子》具有游士尚文辞,愉性情,思接千载,气势浩荡的豪壮情怀。