现代认知心理学关于理解过程的研究

现代认知心理学关于理解过程的研究李新成北京师范大学心理系理解是学习过程的重要组成部分，也是学习心理学研究的主要内容。近年来，随着认知心理学、特别是阅读心理学研究的不断深入，人们对个体的学习过程有了更进一步的认识，并以大量实验为基础就理解的实质、理解过...     

现代认知心理学理解过程的模式及其教学策略

理解是学习过程的重要环节,也是掌握、运用知识,提高能力的关键。随着认知心理学的兴起,人们对学习的高级过程研究越来越深入,认知心理学研究者们以大量的实验为基础,就理解的实质,理解过程的一般模式提出了一系列独到的见解。一、理解过程的一般模式现代认知心理学...     

浅谈认知心理学理论及其对教学的启示

认知心理学又叫"信息加工心理学",用信息加工的观点研究人的认知过程,旨在揭示入学习、储存知识、提取知识来解决问题的实质.其研究成果对我们理解学习过程、对我们预见教学过程中可能出现的因素和有效控制教学过程有很大的帮助和启示.笔者对认知心理学理论及其对教学的启发略谈管见.     

认知心理学与语文课程——现代心理学派与语文课程研究之三

认知心理学是西方现代心理学的一个重要流派。广义的认知心理学指所有侧重研究人的认识过程的学派，包括格式塔心理学、托尔曼符号理论、建构主义心理学和信息加工心理学等不同流派。目前西方心理学文献中所称的认知心理学，大多指狭义的认知心理学，即信息加工的认知心理学。其核心内容是“论述我们如何获得世界中的信息。这些信息如何作为知识得以再现和转换，它们如何被储存，以及如何用于指导我们的注意和行为”。其基本观点如下：     

篇章阅读理解的认知研究

篇章阅读心理研究一直是心理学界十分重视、投入精力最多的课题之一，是当今国际心理学特别是认知心理学领域的热点。在早期研究的基础上，上世纪80年代之后，研究者们采用更为实时、精细的研究方法与技术对篇章阅读理解的认知过程进行了更为细致深入的研究，提出了一系列新的理论和模型，极在大深化了我们对篇章阅读理解认知过程的认识。     

认知心理学的三个维度与英语听力理解

以信息加工观点研究认知过程的现代认知心理学认为,英语听力理解是一个复杂的语言和思维相互作用的心理过程,是听者所具有的概念能力、背景知识和处理方略相互作用的结果。从认知心理学的三个维度认识英语听力理解,可以为听力教学工作提供有益的启示,清除听力理解过程中的障碍。     

数学理解研究综述

从数学理解的涵义，现代认知心理学观点下数学理解的模式和层次结构以及数学理解在数学学习过程中的作用等方面，对国内外数学理解研究的部分成果作一综述，提出国内数学理解研究存在的问题，希望以此能推进国内数学理解的研究与发展。     

图式理论与图式阅读教学初探

现代认知心理学的图式理论是阅续心理学领域研究阅读理解过程的主流理论，文章图式有助于提高阅读效率和阅读质量，使读者知识的结构化、系统化程度大为提高，和常规教学相比，图式教学更能有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力和推理能力。     

论人的学习基本类型与机制

对学习实质的理解,是教育心理学研究的核心问题。数十年来,联结主义心理学家将学习过程的实现看成是刺激与反应在一定条件下形成联结,传统的认知派心理学家则将学习过程看成是有机体经过内部复杂的操作活动而形成认知结构,两派长期争论无法形成共识。 近二三十年以来,随着现代认知心理学的发展,关于学习的研究取得了一些重要进展,现代认知心理学家根据研究结果对学习问题提出了许多重要的、富有启发意义的见解。现代认知派心理学家在总结实验心理学、神经生理学与生理心理学的研究成果的基础上,提出了人的学习过程的信息加工模式。…     

教师在成人外语学习中的主导的作用

教师在成人外语学习中的主导的作用北京市总工会职工大学吴徽现代心理学告诉我们，人们的心理状态，直接影响认知过程和认知效果。学习的过程就是认知的过程。所以，心理状态对学习，特别是外语学习十分重要。由于外国语不是我们从小就使用的母语──汉语，许多外国语，象...     

Who Did What to Whom? The Relationship Between Syntactic Aspects of Sentence Comprehension and Text Comprehension

This study investigated the relationship between syntactic comprehension at the sentence level and text-level comprehension. The study isolated the specific contribution of syntax by asking whether sentence comprehension efficiency of difficult syntactic constructions explained variance in text comprehension after controlling for sentence comprehension efficiency of basic constructions with similar semantic complexity. Seventy-three Grade 5 students completed assessments of text comprehension; basic and difficult written sentence comprehension efficiency; and control measures of decoding fluency, vocabulary, and verbal memory. Efficiency measures were used to assess individual differences in basic sentence comprehension with accuracy near ceiling. Difficult sentence comprehension efficiency explained 6% unique variance in text comprehension after controlling for basic sentence comprehension efficiency and other controls. Thus, the results show that individual differences in the ability to establish sentence meaning from syntactic information are related to text comprehension.     

The relationship between reading and listening comprehension: shared and modality-specific components

This study aimed to increase our understanding on the relationship between reading and listening comprehension. Both in comprehension theory and in educational practice, reading and listening comprehension are often seen as interchangeable, overlooking modality-specific aspects of them separately. Three questions were addressed. First, it was examined to what extent reading and listening comprehension comprise modality-specific, distinct skills or an overlapping, domain-general skill in terms of the amount of explained variance in one comprehension type by the opposite comprehension type. Second, general and modality-unique subskills of reading and listening comprehension were sought by assessing the contributions of the foundational skills word reading fluency, vocabulary, memory, attention, and inhibition to both comprehension types. Lastly, the practice of using either listening comprehension or vocabulary as a proxy of general comprehension was investigated. Reading and listening comprehension tasks with the same format were assessed in 85 second and third grade children. Analyses revealed that reading comprehension explained 34% of the variance in listening comprehension, and listening comprehension 40% of reading comprehension. Vocabulary and word reading fluency were found to be shared contributors to both reading and listening comprehension. None of the other cognitive skills contributed significantly to reading or listening comprehension. These results indicate that only part of the comprehension process is indeed domain-general and not influenced by the modality in which the information is provided. Especially vocabulary seems to play a large role in this domain-general part. The findings warrant a more prominent focus of modality-specific aspects of both reading and listening comprehension in research and education.

     

Does Online Comprehension Monitoring Make a Unique Contribution to Reading Comprehension in Beginning Readers? Evidence from eye movements

The goal of this study was to investigate the nature of online comprehension monitoring, its predictors, and its relation to reading comprehension. Questions were concerned with (a) beginning readers’ sensitivity to inconsistencies, (b) predictors of online comprehension monitoring, and (c) the relation of online comprehension monitoring to reading comprehension over and above word reading and listening comprehension. Using eye tracking technology, online comprehension monitoring was measured as the amount of time spent rereading target implausible words and looking back at surrounding contexts. Results from 319 second graders revealed that children spent greater time fixating on inconsistent than consistent words and engaged in more frequent lookbacks. Comprehension monitoring was explained by both word reading and listening comprehension. However, comprehension monitoring did not uniquely predict reading comprehension after accounting for word reading and listening comprehension. These results provide insight into the nature of comprehension monitoring and its role in reading comprehension for beginning readers.     

Is Word-Problem Solving a Form of Text Comprehension?

This study’s hypotheses were that (a) word-problem (WP) solving is a form of text comprehension that involves language comprehension processes, working memory, and reasoning, but (b) WP solving differs from other forms of text comprehension by requiring WP-specific language comprehension as well as general language comprehension. At the start of the 2nd grade, children (n = 206; on average, 7 years, 6 months) were assessed on general language comprehension, working memory, nonlinguistic reasoning, processing speed (a control variable), and foundational skill (arithmetic for WPs; word reading for text comprehension). In spring, they were assessed on WP-specific language comprehension, WPs, and text comprehension. Path analytic mediation analysis indicated that effects of general language comprehension on text comprehension were entirely direct, whereas effects of general language comprehension on WPs were partially mediated by WP-specific language. By contrast, effects of working memory and reasoning operated in parallel ways for both outcomes.     

Can reading disabilities be diagnosed without using intelligence tests?

Unlike conventional procedures, which use IQ in making diagnostic and eligibility decisions regarding learning disabilities, this demonstration study used listening comprehension and other reading-related tasks to make a differential diagnosis of reading disabilities. Tests of listening and reading comprehension were administered to 180 children from Grades 3 through 8. A regression equation was then derived to predict reading comprehension from listening comprehension. The regression equation was applied to the listening comprehension scores of seven children from Grades 3 to 8 who had reading difficulties, and their reading comprehension was predicted. Based on the discrepancy between their actual reading comprehension and the predicted reading comprehension, their reading difficulty was attributed to one of the following three factors: (a) poor decoding, (b) poor comprehension, or (c) a combination of poor decoding and poor comprehension. The validity of these diagnostic decisions was assessed by testing independently these children's word-decoding skill and reading speed. The results suggest that this diagnostic procedure has potential utility.     

Language and Cognitive Predictors of Text Comprehension: Evidence From Multivariate Analysis

Using data from children in South Korea (N = 145, M_age = 6.08), it was determined how low‐level language and cognitive skills (vocabulary, syntactic knowledge, and working memory) and high‐level cognitive skills (comprehension monitoring and theory of mind [ToM]) are related to listening comprehension and whether listening comprehension and word reading mediate the relations of language and cognitive skills to reading comprehension. Low‐level skills predicted comprehension monitoring and ToM, which in turn predicted listening comprehension. Vocabulary and syntactic knowledge were also directly related to listening comprehension, whereas working memory was indirectly related via comprehension monitoring and ToM. Listening comprehension and word reading completely mediated the relations of language and cognitive skills to reading comprehension.     

语境因素对英语听力教学的作用

听力理解在人类交际活动中起着非常重要的作用,为了提高学生的听力理解能力,首先要分析影响听力理解的因素。在此基础上,重点探讨利用语境提高听力理解能力,找出利用语境进行听力教学的方法。     

Predicting individual differences in reading comprehension: a twin study

We examined the Simple View of reading from a behavioral genetic perspective. Two aspects of word decoding (phonological decoding and word recognition), two aspects of oral language skill (listening comprehension and vocabulary), and reading comprehension were assessed in a twin sample at age 9. Using latent factor models, we found that overlap among phonological decoding, word recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension was primarily due to genetic influences. Shared environmental influences accounted for associations among word recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Independent of phonological decoding and word recognition, there was a separate genetic link between listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension and a specific shared environmental link between vocabulary and reading comprehension. There were no residual genetic or environmental influences on reading comprehension. The findings provide evidence for a genetic basis to the “Simple View” of reading.     

名词性时间词语理解的原型效应

人们对名词性时间词语的理解形成了时间词语理解的原型效应,在这种效应中,不管是语义精确的名词性时间词语,还是语义模糊的名词性时间词语,其典型理解是语义模糊的理解;次典型理解是语义精确的理解;最不典型的理解可能是象征语义的理解。典型理解是语义模糊理解的原因是:在一般情况下,答话人知道问话人在理解名词性时间词语时,会进行模糊理解,因此,答话人往往使用效应中典型时间理解替代非典型时间理解,从而使名词性时间词语在理解时表现出一定的模糊性。从名词性时间词语理解的原型效应出发,可以较好地解决Grice合作原则中的质量原则和Sperber,D.&Wilson,D的"约略"策略等的不足。     

Is the Whole Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts? Modeling the Contributions of Language Comprehension Skills to Reading Comprehension in the Upper Elementary Grades

Language comprehension is crucial to reading. However, theoretical models and recent research raise questions about what constitutes this multifaceted domain. We present two related studies examining the dimensionality of language comprehension and relations to reading comprehension in the upper elementary grades. Studies 1 (Grade 6; N = 148) and 2 (Grade 3–5; N = 311) contrasted factor models of language comprehension using item level indicators of morphological awareness and vocabulary (Studies 1 and 2) and syntactic awareness (Study 2). In both studies, a bifactor model—including general language comprehension and specific factors for each language component—best fit the data, and general language comprehension was the strongest predictor of reading comprehension. In Study 2, the morphology-specific factor also uniquely predicted reading comprehension above and beyond general language comprehension. Results suggest the value of modeling the common proficiency underlying performance on tasks designed to tap theoretically distinct language comprehension skills.