运动情境中情绪的人际效应：情绪—社会信息模型的新视角

运动情境中情绪的人际效应是运动心理学研究的重要问题。在运动情境中,情绪对运动员的运动表现及其与运动员、教练员、队友、对手等之间的人际互动产生重要的影响。本文主要阐述情绪-社会信息模型,并以此结合相关研究探讨运动情境中情绪人际效应及其在运动领域中的适用性,并对未来研究给予了展望。     

气象、气候环境对体育运动的影响

体育运动是在一定的气象、气候条件下进行的,气象、气候条件时刻制约着体育运动开展的形式和内容,并对其发展产生着重要的影响,同时影响运动员的情绪、行为和健康,影响着运动员运动能力的正常发挥。因此,分析体育环境中的气象、气候等因素对体育运动的影响,对拟定运动训练和比赛计划、选择各种运动装备、提高运动成绩和防止运动创伤等具有重要意义。     

运动重塑大脑海马:来自神经科学的研究证据与发展展望

运动可以重塑大脑海马的结构与功能,改善情绪、增强记忆,对促进个体心理健康及成功老化具有重要意义。从动物学视角看,运动重塑海马结构主要包括运动促进海马神经发生和运动对海马神经元凋亡的双重影响两方面;运动重塑海马功能则集中在运动可以调节海马突触长时程增强效应方面。从人类影像学视角切入,运动重塑海马结构聚焦于运动对海马体积的影响;运动重塑海马功能则涉及运动影响海马激活水平、血流灌注水平及海马与其他脑区的功能连接三个方面。不同运动形式、不同运动剂量对海马作用效果存在差异,其机制涉及脑可塑性假说、脑源性神经营养因子假说和神经递质假说。未来研究可进一步关注海马可塑性与早期应激事件、儿童青少年学习与教育、情绪健康、老年期认知功能以及临床康复领域的关联。研究路径与布局需继续优化实验设计、革新研究技术手段、推进多学科交叉融合,从人毕生发展的角度深入探索运动促进海马健康的认知神经机制,开发运动干预海马相关神经系统疾病的运动处方,从而推进健康关口前移,发挥运动是良医的功效。     

浅析柔道运动员的心理训练

1、重视柔道运动员心理素质选材 柔道运动员选材,除了注意身体形态,机能和身体素质等条件外．应更重视心理素质选材,情绪是内心世界变化的表现,对训练效果和比赛胜负极具影响,选材时应注意运动员的情绪变化,情绪健康、平稳坚强、运动水平和运动潜能充分发挥出来,情绪良好、充满活力、才智焕发、动作流畅、斗志顽强、信心十足,在逆境中也能转危为安．出奇制胜,需要从选材到系统心理训练才能达到这种境界。     

运动对大学生心理健康影响的研究

对3267名大学生进行调查研究，分析了当前大学生的心理健康、压力、人际关系、情绪的现状和特点。进一步探索了运动对心理健康的影响，结果表明，一方面，运动对心理健康有直接促进作用，另一方面，运动通过缓解压力、改善人际关系、调节情绪对心理健康有间接的促进作用，即压力、人际关系、情绪在运动对心理健康的影响中均起部分中介效应，而且，这3个因素所起的中介效应从大到小依次是压力、人际关系、情绪，但差异不大。     

不要在情绪不好的时候运动

运动不仅是身体的锻炼,也是心理的锻炼.当你生气、悲伤时,不要到运动场上去发泄.运动医学专家的解释是：人的情绪直接影响着身体的生理机能,而情绪的变化又产生于大脑深部,并扩散到全身,在心脏及其他器官上留下痕迹,这种痕迹将影响人体机能的健康,所以当你情绪不好时,最好不要进行体育锻炼.     

重点高中学生运动情绪人际关系与心理健康之间关系的研究

为了进一步探索运动对情绪、人际关系和心理健康的影响以及探寻它们之间关系。采用心境状态量表、人际关系综合诊断量表和症状自评量表,对扬州中学550名学生进行调查。结果显示：运动群体的情绪、人际关系和心理健康水平得分与非运动群体相比有统计学意义;情绪、人际关系与其心理健康状况之间存在较强的相关关系,且对心理健康回归非常显著。结论：运动能直接影响心理健康,又能通过改善情绪、人际关系间接促进心理健康,即情绪、人际关系在运动对心理健康的影响中均起部分中介效应。     

竞赛中紧张情绪及其控制

随着体育科学的不断发展,竞赛中的情绪问题已成为运动心理学研究的热点。本文分析了在运动竞赛中紧张情绪的产生及对运动成绩的影响,总结介绍了控制紧张情绪的手段和方法。     

自动情绪调节在竞技运动领域的应用与展望

自动情绪调节是无意识的、无需主动付出努力的情绪调节。将其理论、策略运用到竞技运动领域可以为运动员的更好的调节情绪提供理论参考和新思路。在阐述了自动情绪调节的理论依据、启动任务及其在竞技运动领域中的相关研究后,对自动情绪调节在竞技运动领域的应用提出展望：改进自动情绪调节的启动任务、实验材料,提高其生态效度;注重个体和项目差异对自动情绪调节的影响;综合应用多种方法和技术探究自动情绪调节机制;扩展自动情绪调节在竞技运动领域其他方面的应用。     

太极拳运动对情绪的影响及其作用原理的分析

运用心理学理论就太极拳运动对情绪的影响及其作用原理进行了分析。认为：①太极拳运动通过生物反馈途径影响人的情绪；②通过太极拳运动使锻炼者进入流畅体验和暂时解脱的状态来影响人的情绪；③太极拳运动通过保持和改善神经系统机能状况来影响人的情绪；④通过太极拳运动中生动形象的动作，可使锻炼者的消极情绪得到宣泄和排遣；⑤通过长期的太极拳练习．可以使练习者的思维更加合理、情操得到陶冶。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.