网络课程开发中文字编排的心理学因素探析

文字是网络课程开发中最主要的视觉元素，在网络课程页面中占有相当大的份量。笔者选取32门网络课程作为样本，对课程中内容性文字的应用现状进行了统计、分析。调查显示，有82％的网络课程每个页面中出现一次以上文字，有16％的网络课程每个页面上均出现一次文字，整个课程所有页面中只出现一次文字的仅占2％。[第一段]     

小说之境 文字之美——论沈从文的文学批评

作为一位杰出的小说家，沈从文的成就已经毋庸置疑，然而作为一名批评家，我们对他的认识还远远不够。本文认为，沈从文在文学批评过程中对于文字表现出了不同寻常的关注，这在上个世纪三十年代极为难得，就是时至今日也仍有着重要的意义。然而这份文字赏评的贡献迄今都还没有被批评界充分注意到。因此，本文就沈从文关于文字本身风格的体验、文字运用的技法特色、文字表现与创作得失等方面的论述展开分析，并对这种批评特色的形成原因加以剖析。     

九年义务制教育第四学段识字写字教学分析

一、新课标中识字写字教学内容、要求等的变化 中国是四大文明古国中唯一一个文字演变、改进并普及开来，具有完备体系的国家。中华文化几千年来正是由于借助文字的记载才得以流传。文字作为表情达意、沟通交流的工具，就凸现了识字写字教学的重要作用。     

现代文阅读解题方法初探

近年来，各地中考语文阅读试题的文字材料更偏重于课外读物，从课外读物中选取文字材料作为阅读试题的比例跟往年相比有所上升。     

人类社会进入文明时代的标志之辨

文字的产生滞后于教育、艺术和科学，其内涵和外延不能涵盖，排斥文化中教育，艺术和科学的内容，所以它不能作为人类社会进入文明朝代的标志，科学的产生早于文字，它体现了人类对自然和社会的革命性改造或突破，科学融贯于物质财富创造过程，共概念涵盖了精神财富中教育，艺术和文字诸方面，所以它是人类社会进入文明进代的标志，陶作为远古人类最早创造的非自然状态物质组成的生产工具或生活器具，它的出现成为人类进入科学时代的显著座标，同时标志着人类社会进入文明时代。     

字体设计在现代平面设计中的运用

文字不仅简单地传达信息．而且是图形语言的一种形式。字体设计是平面设计作品中不可或缺的角色。把字体本身作为视觉设计元素，赋予字体个性色彩．更有效地传达信息，这是字体设计在目前设计中的一种趋势。本文从字体的选择、文字与空间、文字与图形、字体编排四个方面对此展开了论述。     

文字测试系统的实现

文字测试是各类计算机考试必不可少的内容，本文采用面向对象的程序设计方法，以Delphi作为开发工具，给出了建立文字测试系统的具体实现过程。     

浅谈生物教学中的板书设计

浅谈生物教学中的板书设计１．板书的作用课堂教学不同于演讲，不能没有板书。板书是一种文字的直观，精练的板书是一种高度概括性的语言文字。在生物教学中，作为直观手段的文字板书，其文字应当最大限度地与学生头脑中的生物形象结合起来，帮助学生掌握知识结构，加深理...     

课件制作中用数码相机实现OCR识别

OCR文字识别技术在扫描仪中应用比较广泛，但作为普通教师一般身边没有扫描仪。使用起来也存在扫描速度慢。过程繁琐。携带不方便等问题。本文介绍了利用数码相机进行OCR．文字识别的方法和技巧。     

汉语中日语外来语的英译问题

汉语中日语外来语的英译问题张红深众所周知，日语的文字源于汉语。日本人不仅把汉字原封不动地作为词根接受，而且根据汉字的偏旁和楷化的草书创造了假名。利用这样一种独特的文字体系，日本人民同样创造出了辉煌的文化。一方面，他们照搬了大量相同概念的汉语词汇；另一...     

Visual–motor symbol production facilitates letter recognition in young children

Previous research has suggested that handwriting letters may be an important exerciser to facilitate early letter understanding. Experimental studies to date, however, have not investigated whether this effect is general to any visual–motor experience or specific to handwriting letters. In the present work, we addressed this issue by testing letter knowledge using three measures in preschool children before and after a school-based intervention. Participants were divided into four training groups (letter-writing, digit-writing, letter-viewing, digit-viewing) that either wrote letters or digits or viewed letters or digits, twice a week for 6 weeks. We hypothesized that the visual–motor experience of handwriting letters or digits would improve letter knowledge more than viewing experience and that this effect would not be specific to training with letters. Our results demonstrated that the writing groups improved in letter recognition—one component of letter knowledge—significantly more than the viewing groups. The letter-writing group did not improve significantly more than the digit-writing group. These results suggest that visual–motor practice with any symbol could lead to increases in letter recognition. We interpret this novel finding as suggesting that any handwriting will increase letter recognition in part because it facilitates gains in visual–motor coordination.     

Visual constraints in written word recognition: evidence from the optimal viewing‐position effect

In this paper we review the literature on visual constraints in written word processing. We notice that not all letters are equally visible to the reader. The letter that is most visible is the letter that is fixated. The visibility of the other letters depends on the distance between the letters and the fixation location, whether the letters are outer or inner letters of the word, and whether the letters lie to the left or to the right of the fixation location. Because of these three factors, word recognition depends on the viewing position. In languages read from left to right, the optimal viewing position is situated between the beginning and the middle of the word. This optimal viewing position is the result of an interplay of four variables: the distance between the viewing position and the farthest letter, the fact that the word beginning is usually more informative than the word end, the fact that during reading words have been recognised a lot of times after fixation on this letter position and the fact that stimuli in the right visual field have direct access to the left cerebral hemisphere. For languages read from right to left, the first three variables pull the optimal viewing position towards the right side of the word (which is the word beginning), but the fourth variable counteracts these forces to some extent. Therefore, the asymmetry of the optimum viewing‐position curve is less clear in Hebrew and Arabic than in French and Dutch.     

Dissociations between serial position and number of letters effects in lateralised visual word recognition

Some previous studies of visual word recognition have reported an interaction between visual field and word length (measured by number of letters), such that recognition is affected more by word length for words presented in the left than for words presented in the right visual field. However, when manipulating serial position of letters in words to measure length effects, there are also reports of symmetrical word length effects in the two visual fields. Here we report two experiments, presenting four‐ and seven‐letter words, suggesting that the serial position and length effects in the hemispheres are separable and task dependent. For tasks that rely more heavily on letter‐level processing such as letter search (Experiment 1), performance in both hemifields showed similar effects of serial position; however, when comparing four‐ and seven‐letter words, an effect of word length was evident only in the left visual field, in line with the well‐established interaction between word length and hemifield. An interaction between word length and hemifield was confirmed for the same stimuli when they were employed in a lexical decision task, which forced whole‐word processing (Experiment 2). We conclude that the effects of serial position and number of letters in the two visual fields are separable, and are selectively affected by task type.     

Visual processing of pictures and letters in alphabet books and the implications for letter learning

Alphabet books as studied in this research typically highlight one letter per page combined with a depiction of a word that begins with the letter (e.g., a bear illustrates B). This study tests whether children’s letter knowledge improves as a result of alphabet book sharing and how the visual processing of pictures and letters affects learning from repeated alphabet book readings. The study is designed as a randomized control trial in which participants were assigned to one of two experimental groups (N = 30) or a control group (N = 15). Half of the experimental group received version A in which the letters A–L were illustrated with anthropomorphic figures and the letters M–Z with objects. Half received version B in which the letters A–L were illustrated with objects and the letters M–Z with anthropomorphic figures. Mean age of the children was 57.6 months (SD = 3.6). While sharing the alphabet book we registered children’s eye movements in the first and fourth (last) reading session. Alphabet book reading stimulated letter knowledge although the make-up of the alphabet book moderated the effects. Relatively more visual attention to pictures of anthropomorphic figures interfered with learning letters from alphabet book sharing. Visual attention to letters also predicted letter knowledge and learning. Only a small part of each letter attracted children’s attention and the briefer their fixations on this distinctive area, the more letters they knew at the pretest and were able to learn from alphabet book sharing.     

Effect of orthographic processes on letter position encoding

We investigate whether orthographic processes influence the identification and encoding of letter position within letter strings. To minimise word‐specific effects, we adopt a visual letter search task that requires participants to identify a cued letter target among a random five‐letter string. Using this paradigm, previous studies have shown that letter targets to the left are identified faster than those to the right of centre and letter targets in the initial, medial and final positions are identified faster than those in neighbouring positions. While the medial letter advantage is likely to arise from greater visual acuity at the point of fixation, the mechanisms responsible for the left‐to‐right, and exterior, letter advantage have yet to be determined. We show that: (i) search functions for most letters reflect the directional scanning process required for reading English orthography; (ii) search times are significantly faster for letter targets that appear in the most, compared with the least, frequent position in written words; and (iii) search times correlate significantly with positional letter frequency, especially in the initial and final positions. We propose that a combination of low‐level visual, and higher‐level orthographic, processes modulate the encoding of letter identities and position in written word recognition.     

Effects of different types of learning on handwriting movements in young children

This experiment aimed at studying the benefits of different types of training (visual, motor, or visual-motor), in comparison to a control group, on 5-year-olds' performance in a task of writing cursive letters. The visual-motor training was shown to be the most effective training. The efficacy of visual training was clear at the letter quality level, and the impact of the motor training was shown at the movement fluency level. We assume that the visual training better contributes to learning the shape of the letter trajectory, while the motor training better contributes to improve handwriting movement execution.     

Configuration as a Cue in the Word Recognition of Beginning Readers

Forty first-grade children responded to a delayed recognition matching-to-sample task involving 3–letter nonsense words. A 2X2X3 counterbalanced design involving sex, word shape (same and different), and shared letters (first, last, and none) was employed. Response words with the first letter or the last letter identical to that in the sample were chosen more often (p < . 01) than responses with no elements identical to those in the sample. Words with the same first letters were confused more often (p < . 05) than words which shared terminal letters. There was no significant main effect for shape, nor were there differences due to shape at any of the identical letter dimension levels.     

Development of letter position processing: effects of age and orthographic transparency

This study investigated the relative extent to which developing readers (6‐ and 9‐year‐olds) of English (deep) or Greek (transparent) orthography exhibit serial and exterior letter effects in letter position encoding. Participants were given a visual search task that required detection of a pre‐specified target letter within a random five‐letter string. Stimuli comprised letters either specific to English or Greek, or shared by both orthographies. For native letters, all readers showed significant initial‐letter facilitation. In contrast, final‐letter facilitation was shown only by English children. Furthermore, Greek 9‐year‐olds showed significantly more left‐to‐right facilitation than English 9‐year‐olds. These results suggest that letter position encoding is adaptive to the nature of the orthography acquired during reading development.     

Visual‐attentional span and lexical ­decision in skilled adult readers

The goal of the study was to examine the association between visual‐attentional span and lexical decision in skilled adult readers. In the span tasks, an array of letters was presented briefly and recognition or production of a single cued letter (partial span) or production of all letters (whole span) was required. Independently of letter recognition and phoneme awareness, width of partial recognition span predicted substantial variance only in detection of letter misorderings in words, while partial span efficiency made small contributions to decisions on regular words and pseudowords, but not strange words. With a production format and the inclusion of short‐term phonological memory, neither partial‐span nor whole‐span measures contributed positive independent variance to word and nonword decisions. The results provide meagre support for the idea that skilled adult readers with a wide visual‐attentional span might process words more effectively than those with a narrow span during lexical decision.     

Understanding the relations between RAN letter subtest components and word reading in first-grade students

First-grade students (N = 221) were individually tested on a battery of cognitive and achievement measures of verbal fluency, visual attention, phonological awareness, orthographic recognition, rapid automatized naming (RAN) of letters and objects, and reading. All tests were subjected to postacquisition scoring, and all RAN measures were segregated into measures of articulation time, pause time, and consistency of the pause time. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that word reading was directly and significantly predicted by RAN letter naming and general RAN cognitive processing time of objects. Moreover, RAN letter reading constructs were significantly and directly predicted by the latent variables of phonological awareness, orthographic recognition, and general RAN object articulation and cognitive processing times. RAN letter naming constructs were also significantly and indirectly predicted by visual attention. The reading model was found to be consistent with a total mediation of the relation of phonological awareness and reading through RAN letter naming and supported the validity of the RAN letter naming subtest as a basic letter reading test. These findings supported the double-deficit hypothesis for letter reading. We suggest that phonological memory is a basic factor underlying general RAN cognitive processing time of objects and domain-specific information associated with phonemes and their graphic representations.