比较新闻学的终极意义是什么?--比较新闻学对谈录

对谈人:张威,南京大学新闻系教授、比较新闻学课程主讲人, 张焱:南京大学新闻系研究生 研究生:虽然学习了6年的新闻学,但对比较新闻学还比较陌生,直到上了您的选修课,才第一次系统地接触比较新闻学.     

比较新闻学初探

“比较新闻学”虽说在我国起步比较晚,但对于它的研究却是新闻传播学研究中发展最快的领域之一,近几年有许多成果问世。这些成果大都是“中西新闻的比较”,对于我们借鉴西方新闻传播的先进经验,理解和认识新闻传播的客观规律,进一步发展社会主义的新闻事业,无疑具有重要的意义。然而,它们基本上是“平行展示、资料整合,具有一定的开拓意义,但共同的弱点是辨析稍嫌不足。”大多数的研究只是简单的描述一种新闻传播模式,然后将这种传播模式与另一种传播模式相对照,指出它们的相同与差异,很少深入到表层下面去探讨这些相同与差异的渊源。研究缺乏系统的     

政治文化与中国当代新闻学

本文对政治文化与中国当代新闻学之间的内在关系进行了梳理。建国后三十年,革命政治文化对于新闻学研究心态和研究旨趣有着根本性制约,使其在专门化和逻辑性上难有进展。改革开放后的政治文化转型为中国新闻学重构提供了机遇,为研究带来相对自主性、专门化和开放性的特征,但同时不可避免地跌入极端化的内在紧张中。由政治文化而导致的反思性的相对缺乏,成为中国当代新闻学建构的现代性焦虑。     

跨文化交流视阈下的文化误读与文化记忆

人们在跨文化交流中不仅要具有语言技能,还要有文化感知能力。跨文化交流中,由于前见与视界问题的存在,文化误读从文化交流伊始,便无可规避地存在其历史进程中。误读存在与文化融合的合理性,势必会产生文化误读与文化记忆。因此,跨文化交流视阈下,面对文化差异,我们不能只在“文字技巧”上下功夫,更要以开放的态度寻求中西文化对话过程中的互动与合作。     

数字新闻学：文化研究何为？

数字技术带来了新闻传播生态的整体性变革,也给新闻研究带来智识挑战。在转型过程中,以文化研究视野中新闻研究的成果为基础的数字新闻学研究催发了新闻业两大理论更新：一方面是新闻业数字化转型给文化研究视角下的新闻观念提出的革新要求,另一方面是经典文化研究理论在新闻业数字化转型背景下的变与不变。尽管孕育文化研究的历史语境和媒介技术环境均已发生改变,但经过发展的文化研究理论依旧能够为数字新闻学提供有价值的认识论与方法论资源。数字新闻学应该在现有的问题维度上纳入文化批判的视角,从而拓展其解释和介入现实的学术潜能。     

被误读的报人汪康年:从新闻学研究和历史学研究的比较谈起

文章对比了史学和新闻学对汪康年的研究,认为汪康年是一位被新闻史误读的报人。史学研究认为,汪康年是一名维新派人士,汪梁之争是学术之争、管理权之争,汪康年是张之洞的代理人的说法不正确;新闻史研究认为,汪康年是洋务派人士,汪梁之争是维新派和洋务派之争,汪康年是张之洞的代理人。文章重点探讨了汪康年被误读的的深层次原因:即研究范式、方法论、具体研究方法、治学态度等因素共同导致了汪康年的被误读。学科的差异性和评价主体的差异性并不能成为误读汪康年的借口,新闻史研究要遵守史学研究的规范,运用史学研究的方法,评价尽可能地做到客观、公正。     

比较新闻学的几个基本理论问题初探

《国际新闻界》2000年第六期刊出张大卫的《比较新闻学：历史，现状与难题》论回顾了百年来中西比较新闻学的历史发展，读罢颇有感触，本意再从另一个角度对该作出一种回应：就比较传播学的几个基本的理论问题作点学理层面上的分析。     

“走出”新闻学与“走入”新闻学——提升当前新闻学研究水平的两种必须路径

本文认为提升当前新闻学研究水平有两种必须的路径:一是"走出"新闻学,即以跨学科的视野进行学科融合;二是"走入"新闻学,即以新闻学的概念、范畴和理论体系为基础,真正进入新闻学自身研究领域。"走出"与"走入"是新闻学研究历史、研究现状、新闻教育扩张、学术队伍结构变化、学科特征等的内在要求。"走入"新闻学的问题常被忽视但却至关重要;"走出"与"走入"相互联系,不可偏废。     

从"保卫新闻学"到"发展新闻学"——当前我国新闻学学科建设之我见

本文简要叙述了我国新闻学科建立和发展的基本历程,并就学科的发展提出了新的建议。作者认为,当前我国新闻学科的地位已经得到了确认和巩固,继续维护和巩固新闻学科的地位是一个必然选择,论文最后提出了在发展中继续巩固新闻学科地位的原则和方法。     

日本新闻学与新闻事业

围绕“为什么搞新闻传播研究 ?为谁而搞 ?”等问题 ,新加坡《联合早报》特约评论员、日本龙谷大学教授卓南生先生 ,在日前为清华大学新闻与传播学院师生讲座时 ,发表了自己独到的看法。卓教授在介绍日本新闻学研究的盛衰和演变及日本新闻事业的现状和走向的同时 ,也对中国新闻传播学科的发展提出了很好建议     

Trends in Cultural Journalism

Various studies report that cultural journalism increasingly focuses on service and entertainment instead of serious arts coverage. The press prioritizes popular culture over traditional high arts to a growing extent. However, this shift in journalistic attention does not necessarily signify a straightforward decline in aesthetic standards, as popular cultural forms like film have developed along the lines of high art principles in the past decades. This article charts trends in American, Dutch, French, and German film journalism between 1955 and 2005. It demonstrates that coverage is typified by a serious aesthetic approach from the 1970s onwards. The principles of art are seen to steer journalists’ attention to an important degree: the review remains the predominant journalistic genre, and newspapers devote more attention to films by prestigious directors than strictly commercial moviemakers. As such, film’s prominence in the press does not seem to indicate a decline in serious cultural journalism but rather a revaluation of a popular cultural form.     

Cultural Journalism and Cultural Critique in a changing Media Landscape

This special issue addresses a topic of journalism studies that has previously been somewhat neglected but which has gained increasing scholarly attention since the mid-2000s: the coverage and evaluation of art and culture, or what we term “cultural journalism and cultural critique.” In this introduction, we highlight three issues that serve to frame the study of cultural journalism and cultural critique more generally and the eight articles of this special issue more specifically: (1) the constant challenge of demarcating cultural journalism and cultural critique, including the interrelations of “journalism” and “critique”; (2) the dialectic of globalisation’s cultural homogenisation, on the one hand, and the specificity of local/national cultures, on the other; and (3) the digital media landscape seen in terms of the need to rethink, perhaps even redefine cultural journalism and cultural critique.     

The Political in Cultural Journalism

This article explores how nine Swedish cultural editors and managers in mainstream media institutions define cultural journalism and its political dimensions during times of increased digitization and media convergence. Swedish cultural journalism is aesthetic and political critique applied to subject areas (music, literature, etc.) and contemporary societal and ethical issues. Drawing on Zelizer we ask whether there is a common interpretive community of cultural journalists in different media regarding: (1) how they define their scope, (2) how they understand “the political” in cultural journalism and its implications for democracy, and (3) how they view media convergence and digitalization. We find that although editors/managers from different media share a basic understanding of cultural journalism as an alternative perspective to news, “the political” in cultural journalism is approached differently in the press and the public service broadcast media. Furthermore, due in part to structural conditions, they also see the effects of digitization differently, forming sub-communities on two counts. This study thus contributes new knowledge to a field previously focused almost exclusively on newspapers.     

Classifying Data Journalism

The review of theoretical and empirical studies in data journalism has uncovered different conceptualisations of data journalistic artefacts. This quantitative content analysis of data-driven stories published by European quality news websites Zeit Online, Spiegel Online, The Guardian and Neue Zürcher Zeitung aims to outline universal characteristics of daily data-driven stories and to compare these findings with previous analyses of data stories and acclaimed data journalism projects. Results suggest that daily data journalism stories generally feature two visualisations that are likely to be bar charts. The majority of these visualisations are not interactive whereas maps turn out to be the most interactive type of visualisation. Data journalists rely predominantly on pre-processed data drawn from domestic governmental bodies. For the most part, data-driven stories are reports on political topics paralleling traditional news reporting. The sparsity of collaborative efforts and investigative approaches distinguishes daily data journalism from previous analyses of eclectic and elaborate data-driven projects.     

3Ws of Data Journalism Education

This paper explores data journalism education, with a particular focus on formal training in the higher education sector globally. The study draws on data from: (1) the 2017 Global Data Journalism Survey, to study the state of data journalism education and the requirements in terms of training and (2) a dataset of 219 unique modules or programmes on data journalism or related fields that were curated and examined in order to understand the nature of data journalism education in universities across the world. The results show that while journalists interested in data are highly educated in journalism or closely related fields, they do not have a strong level of education in the more technical areas of data journalism, such as data analysis, coding and data visualisation. The study further reveals that a high proportion of data journalism courses are concentrated in the United States, with a growing number of courses developing across the world, and particularly in Europe. Despite this, education in the field does not have a strong academic underpinning, and while many courses are emerging in this area, there are not enough academically trained instructors to lead and/or teach such interdisciplinary programmes in the higher education sector.     

Citizen-Centered Journalism and Contested Boundaries

This article explores the existence of a “citizen-centered journalism” that sees citizens as crucial participants in the construction of news and as co-creators of their own worlds. Through qualitative case studies of three news organizations, the article examines the motivation for using a citizen-centered approach, the news routines that are required to do so, the categories of content produced, and the perceived impact of this approach. The results suggest these news organizations are working in partnership with communities and striving to give a voice to historically marginalized communities. The journalists, however, see citizen participation as complementary to professional journalistic routines that favor verifiable information, rather than assigning inherent value to it for its own sake.     

Solutions Journalism

The media contribute to compassion fatigue—or public apathy toward human tragedy—in part by failing to present solutions to the social problems ubiquitous in today’s conflict-based news coverage. Some journalists have attempted to address this issue through a style of news labeled solutions journalism. This experiment tests the effects of this increasingly popular approach. Results revealed that discussing an effective solution to a social problem in a news story caused readers to feel less negative and to report more favorable attitudes toward the news article and toward solutions to the problem than when no solution or an ineffective solution was mentioned. Reading about an effective solution did not, however, impact on readers’ behavioral intentions or actual behaviors. This suggests that solution-based journalism might mitigate some harmful effects of negative, conflict-based news, but might not inspire action.     

中西方灾难性事件新闻摄影报道的差异性研究

本文从报道主体、报道手法和传播效果的差异三个方面 ,比较了中西方灾难性事件新闻摄影报道的差异 ,这种比较对中国摄影记者如何做好灾难性事件报道具有一定的启发性。     

Engaged Journalism in Rural Communities

With a growing interest in audience engagement and membership models in local journalism, engagement has been positioned as the one-stone that may address the two-birds of building trust and financial sustainability. However, little is known about how these practices play out in rural areas. This case study explores the efforts of one rural hyperlocal outlet as it attempts to adapt community traditions as engagement interventions—reimagining “society columns” as community contributors, and “liars tables” as listening circles. Using a communication infrastructure theory framework, it draws from 18 interviews with journalists, participating residents, and community stakeholders to examine how these efforts have and have not affected the local storytelling network and activated existing communication assets.     

Measuring and Evaluating Reciprocal Journalism as a Concept

Building on research proposing reciprocal journalism as a concept underlying participatory practices and norms in journalism, this study examines how reciprocity might meaningfully be measured in a journalistic context. Using a survey of US journalists, this study adapts measures of reciprocal attitudes and behaviors to journalistic practices. It also develops measures of direct, indirect, and sustained reciprocity as applied to journalism, and explores the relationship between each of these reciprocal forms and one type of participatory behavior: interacting with audiences online. The results indicate that some measurements of positive reciprocity can be meaningfully translated to a journalistic environment and may help to predict forms of audience interaction. For future research, the findings point to the potential for forms of reciprocity to be explored as antecedents for other journalistic norms and practices.