Decentralisation In Education,Institutional Culture And Teacher Autonomy In Indonesia

Indonesia has seen several recent attempts to devolve control over the curriculum to the local level. Rather than catalogue all of the problems encountered in the course of their implementation, the present contribution focuses on a single reform, the Local Content Curriculum (LCC). Analysis of local responses to this reform provides insights into the states influence on the actions and attitudes of Indonesian educators not previously detailed in research on educational decentralisation. These insights into the implementation of the LCC expand the understanding of the tangible effects of educational reform on actual learning institutions and pupils as well as inform about the central governments real ability to effect change in schools. The study also shows how the lethargy of local actors is bound to deeply engrained views about the role of Indonesian teachers in school, in the society and in the state.     

Privatisation,Decentralisation And Governance In Education In The Czech Republic,England, France,Germany And Sweden

The Czech Republic, England, France, Germany and Sweden differ culturally and economically, but they commonly exhibit general trends of decentralisation in the control of educational processes and outcomes. The present contribution looks at these five European countries as the venue for case studies in educational restructuring as well as evaluation, assessment and reporting. It shows that such trends have been most radical in the Czech Republic and Sweden, while England has centralised curriculum policy and France has devolved some decision-making to bodies at lower levels, but as representatives of the central state.     

Privatisation, Decentralisation And Governance In Education In The Czech Republic, England, France, Germany And Sweden

The Czech Republic, England, France, Germany and Sweden differ culturally and economically, but they commonly exhibit general trends of decentralisation in the control of educational processes and outcomes. The present contribution looks at these five European countries as the venue for case studies in educational restructuring as well as evaluation, assessment and reporting. It shows that such trends have been most radical in the Czech Republic and Sweden, while England has centralised curriculum policy and France has devolved some decision-making to bodies at lower levels, but as representatives of the central state.     

The Decentralisation Of Education In Kerala State, India: Rhetoric And Reality

The decentralisation of educational administration has been widely advocated as a strategy to promote local participation in education. However, the fact that this advocacy has a long history raises the question why decentralisation has not been achieved in more educational systems. The answers to this question are many and complex. Among them are difficulties with the implementation of reforms. The present study examines some of these difficulties in Kerala State, India. It determines that although Kerala has a strong reputation for political participation, the rhetoric of decentralisation in the educational sector has not matched the reality there. The lessons to be learned in this context have wide implications for the theory and practice of decentralisation in education.     

The Decentralisation Of Education In Kerala State,India: Rhetoric And Reality

The decentralisation of educational administration has been widely advocated as a strategy to promote local participation in education. However, the fact that this advocacy has a long history raises the question why decentralisation has not been achieved in more educational systems. The answers to this question are many and complex. Among them are difficulties with the implementation of reforms. The present study examines some of these difficulties in Kerala State, India. It determines that although Kerala has a strong reputation for political participation, the rhetoric of decentralisation in the educational sector has not matched the reality there. The lessons to be learned in this context have wide implications for the theory and practice of decentralisation in education.     

Decentralisation And School-Based Management In Thailand

School-based management (SBM) in Thailand began in 1997 in the course of a reform aimed at overcoming a profound crisis in the education system. The present contribution reports on the introduction and institutionalisation of decentralisation and SBM with community participation in Thailand. The data reported here are based on an empirical survey of 1,000 school-board members from Bangkok as well as provincial and rural areas which was followed by 45 interviews with all relevant stakeholders. The results of the study are promising, as they show broad support for the reform among school principals as well as board members. However, they also reveal a continuing need to train principals and board members in educational leadership and management.     

Decentralisation And Privatisation Of Education In Africa: Which Option For Nigeria?

Arguing that the politicisation of decentralisation appreciably reduces educational quality and efficient resource allocation and negatively affects matters of equity in and delivery of education, the present study provides a critique of decentralisation and privatisation in education in Africa with special reference to Nigeria. On the basis of the experiences of other nations, the author suggests that both decentralisation and privatisation in education – especially the introduction of user fees – have created a new dimension of educational inequality in Nigeria as well. In this case, it can be seen that indicators of efficiency declined significantly in line with negative trends in national-government appropriations to sub-national governments and the education sector. The author concludes that no linkage can be asserted to exist between decentralisation and educational improvement.     

The Institutional Autonomy of Education

This paper develops a liberal contextualist account of schooling that balances institutional autonomy with public accountability under conditions of reasonable pluralism. First a conceptual obstacle is discussed: the tendency to conceive educational autonomy according to the false dilemma of instrumentalism versus non-instrumentalism. Then an alternative is advanced—the contextualist picture—that places education's institutional autonomy in its proper light. The conclusion raises and then responds to important objections to the contextualist picture.     

论现代远程教育的师生关系

现代远程教育的发展增加了社会成员接受高等教育和选择的机会，全方 位、互动交流的教育环境便利了师生之间的交流，为建立平等、民主、和谐的新型师生关系创造了条件。本文试图从师生角色观的变化的视角探讨现代远程教育中的师生关系变化，并分析了影响远程教育中师生关系的因素。     

个体与组织:教师自主性的二重维度

教师自主性是教师个体人格特征与专业社会化程度的综合表征,它不仅反映了教师个体之间的行为、态度、性情等方面独立性、主动性差异,还是国家教育改革的宏观政策与学校微观政治的具体体现,表现为外部组织环境所规定的教师专业独立活动的范围与可能空间。个体维度的教师自主性提升强调内部的自我完善与发展,组织维度的教师自主性发展强调外部的政策杠杆与赋权。二者是相同事物属性的不同观察维度,是事物互相约定的不同侧面,其表现出的不断变化、不断生长的动态特征,是互为因果的双边调整的结果。客观外部结构是教师自主发展的条件,主体内部结构特征是教师专业成长的基本依据,主客结构的交互作用促成教师自主性内外特征的变化。     

Institutional Art Education: Curriculum,Teacher and Learner

The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree to which institutional structures and their rationales affect educational opportunity in art. The meaning of educational opportunity is explored to disentangle individual learning which is negotiated within it. Curriculum is limited in its effectiveness unless it is accompanied by appropriate teaching where silent voices may be made audible. A swing of power in knowledge, methods, or skills from a teacher or curriculum-centred to a traditional learner-centred approach is insufficient. Individualised learning, leading to personal empowerment, is seen in the construction of self-belief that allows the learner to question the tenets of the teacher, the institution, and the politics of education, i.e., to see the system not in order to succeed within it, but in order to question its validity. The paper is in four sections – contexts and problems, art and curriculum, art and teaching, and individual learning.     

浅谈成人教育师生管理

成人教育教师管理和学生管理是成人教育管理的重要方面，针对成人教育师生管理现状，本文在加强成人教育师生管理方面提出了一些看法与建议。     

教师工作自主问卷的编制

通过文献查阅、访谈与问卷调查来编制适合我国中小学教师的工作自主问卷（Teacher Work-Autonomy Questionnaire）。结果表明：（1）我国中小学教师工作自主包括6个因素：学校运营管理自主、专业化和课程改革自主、课堂教学自主、学生成绩评估自主、课余活动开展自主以及学生行为管理自主;（2）编制出的教师工作自主问卷的信度与效度达到了心理测量学的基本要求。     

Higher Education in Ethiopia: Expansion,Quality Assurance and Institutional Autonomy

This article chronicles the key challenges facing Ethiopia as it embarks on an ambitious, ideologically‐driven and aggressive expansion of its higher education system in an effort to address its national goals of economic growth and poverty reduction. It is argued that the urge for higher education expansion has placed undue pressures particularly on the state of quality enhancement and autonomy of universities. As government pressures for more expansion mounted, universities struggled with dwindling per student budgetary allocations, shortage of qualified staff, inadequate supply of much needed inputs and the erosion of their autonomy. It is suggested that while higher education expansion remains an important goal for Ethiopia for many years to come, a reasonable balance should be struck between the ideological aspects of expansion and the practical realities of limited resources, heightened concerns about the quality of student learning and the autonomy of universities.     

Impacts of Globalisation on Higher Education Reform in China: A Trend of Decentralisation and Autonomy

By tracing back the historical context of educational changes, this article explores in detail the impacts of globalisation on China’s higher education reform. A trend of decentralisation in both rights and responsibilities is revealed in terms of structural adjustment, human resource exploitation and retention, curriculum development, and education provision. Also some remaining problems and new challenges from the progress of globalisation are discussed to draw a conclusion that there is a need of combining both centralisation decentralisation approaches in China’s both present and future reforms.     

On Culture and Mathematics Teacher Education

Many countries are multicultural. Mathematics teacher education classes often are composed of students with varied cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and mathematics teachers may be employed in regions from which they do not come. Formal (mathematics) education is a process of cultural interaction, and every child and teacher may experience some degree of social and cultural conflict in that process. This paper describes and reflects on some of these tensions, as they exist in mathematics teacher education in Mozambique. The process of developing among future mathematics teachers an awareness of the social and cultural bases of mathematics is object of reflection.