Degradation of chlorophenol by in-situ electrochemically generated oxidant

INTRODUCTION With the development of industry, more and more pollutants are discharged into environment, among them, phenolic wastes are typical contami-nants considered to be hazardous and top priority toxic pollutants listed by the USEPA. They are toxic even at low concentration. Due to their biorefractory, bioaccumulation and carcinogenic potential, the treatment of these contaminants is very important in environmental protection. Various technologies and processes have been tried …     

Degradation of chlorophenol by in-situ electrochemically generated oxidant

A novel in-situ electrochemical oxidation method was applied to the degradation of wastewater containing chlorophenol. Under oxygen sparging, the strong oxidant, hydrogen dioxide, could be in-situ generated through the reduction of oxygen on the surface of the cathode. The removal rate ofchlorophenol could be increased 149% when oxygen was induced in the electrochemical cell. The promotion factor was estimated to be about 82.63% according to the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant (min-1). Important operating parameters such as current density, sparged oxygen rate were investigated.Higher sparged oxygen rate could improve the degradation of chlorophenol. To make full use of oxygen, however, sparged oxygen rate of 0.05 m3/h was adopted in this work. Oxidation-reduction potential could remarkably affect the generation of hydrogen peroxide. It was found that the removal rate of chlorophenol was not in direct proportion to the applied current density. The optimum current density was 3.5 mA/cm2 when initial chlorophenol concentration was 100 mg/L and sparged oxygen rate was 0.05 m3/h.     

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combinedactivated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%-30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regenerated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants.     

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combined activated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%-30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regen erated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants.     

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combined activated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%–30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regenerated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants. Project (No. 20306027) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Electrocatalytic response of poly(cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes-Nafion modified electrode toward sulfadiazine in urine

A highly sensitive amperometric sulfadiazine sensor fabricated by electrochemical deposition of poly(cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine) (poly(Co^IITAPc)) on the surface of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes-Nafion (MWCNTs-Nafion) modified electrode is described. This electrode showed a very attractive performance by combining the advantages of Co^IITAPc, MWCNTs, and Nafion. Compared with the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the MWCNTs-Nafion modified electrode, the electrocatalytic activity of poly(Co^IITAPc)-coated MWCNTs-Nafion GCE generated greatly improved electrochemical detections toward sulfadiazine including low oxidation potential, high current responses, and good anti-fouling performance. The oxidation peak currents of sulfadiazine obtained on the new modified electrode increased linearly while increasing the concentration of sulfadiazine from 0.5 to 43.5 μmol/L with the detection limit of 0.17 μmol/L.     

电化学净化废水技术的研究进展

电化学净化废水技术是在直流电场的作用下,废水污染物通过电解槽在阳极氧化或在阴极还原或发生二次反应转化为无害成分,最终使废水得到净化.概述了电化学净化废水技术,综述了电化学氧化法净化废水技术的现状和发展方向.     

甲硝唑的电化学性质及其伏安法测定

在0.01 mol·L^-1的NaOH溶液中用玻碳电极研究甲硝唑的电化学性质,并用循环伏安法和示差脉冲伏安法对其含量进行测定。结果表明：甲硝唑在-0.631V和-0.731V处有一对明显的氧化还原峰,其还原峰电流与甲硝唑的浓度在8.0×10^-6-9.1×10^-4mol·L^-1（r=0.998）呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.4×10^-7mol·L^-1。平均回收率98.9%,RSD=2.7%。甲硝唑在玻碳电极上的电化学行为受吸附控制。     

二氧化钛电催化氧化处理甲基橙

以半导体材料二氧化钛为催化剂,对偶氮染料甲基橙溶液进行了电催化氧化降解实验;考察了催化剂量、槽电压、pH值、电解质浓度、反应时间等因素对处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:二氧化钛的催化效果显著,其色度和COD去除效果可比无催化剂时效果分别提高35%和28%;去除机制主要是电催化体系中产生的·OH对有机物的氧化、降解.     

Electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide at a waxed graphite electrode modified with platinum-decorated carbon nanotubes

Platinum-decorated carbon nanotubes(CNT-Pt) were produced by the chemical reduction method. A novel modified electrode was fabricated by intercalated CNT-Pt in the surface of waxed graphite,which provided excellent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for both oxidation and reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The current response of the modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide was very rapid and the detection limits in amperometry are 2.5×10-6 mol/L at reduction potential and 4.8×10-6 mol/L at oxidation po...     

对苯二酚在玻碳电极上的电化学行为及其动力学研究

研究了对苯二酚（HQ）在玻碳电极上于磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）中的电化学行为及其电化学动力学性质。结果表明：HQ在该电极上有一对可逆的氧化还原峰,峰电流与扫描速度的平方根（v1/2）呈良好的线性关系。这说明HQ在该电极上的伏安行为是一受扩散控制的可逆电化学过程。在pH为6.08的PBS缓冲液中氧化峰电流与HQ的浓度在5.0×10^-6-2.5×10^-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,Ipa（μA）=-1.444-0.077 8 c（μmol/L）,相关系数r=0.996 5,检测限为4.75×10^-6 mol/L。同时利用电化学方法确定了该电极反应过程是双电子转移,并测得传递系数α为0.626,扩散系数D为7.4×10-7 cm^2/s,电极反应速率常数kf为6.8×10^-4 cm/s。     

芦丁在玻碳电极上的电化学行为研究

在0.lmol／L B-R缓冲溶液(pH=3．10)中，用循环伏安法可得到芦丁的一对氧化还原峰。峰电位Epc=0．405V，Epa=0．467V(vs．SCE)。实验表明，Rt在玻碳电极上的电极过程为一受吸附和扩散同时控制的准可逆过程。测得还原峰的电子转移系数为0．39，标准速率常数为kn=0．48s^-1。用该法测定了芦丁片中Rt的含量。     

Electrochemical behavior of insulin on pretreated carbon black electrode enhanced with silicon carbide nanostructure

We previously reported the direct electrochemical detection of insulin at bare carbon electrodes. Here a novel modified acetylene carbon black paste electrode(SiC/CB-CPE), based on the outstanding characteristics of silicon carbide nanostructure,was developed for the electrooxidation of insulin in alkaline solution and it was characterized by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 5 mmol/L Fe(CN)63-/4- solution. It is found that silicon carbide nanostructure doped into the CB-CPE greatly facilitates the redox electrochemistry of Fe(CN)63-/4- probe and the electrochemical oxidation of insulin. The electrooxidation of insulin is a one-electron and one-proton reaction and an irreversible adsorption-controlled electrode process. The anodic oxidation current increases linearly with the concentration of insulin from 1×10-7mol/L to1.2×10-6mol/L in 0.1 mol/L Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution(pH 10.0) and the detection limit was 50 nmol/L. In addition, the SiC/CB-CPE shows good sensitivity, reproducibility, renewability and capacity of resisting disturbance.     

电化学制备高铁酸钾用于强化电动修复苯酚污染

研究电化学方法制备高铁酸钾,通过单因素实验确定最佳工艺条件为:电解液KOH浓度16 mol/L,电解时间为6 h,反应温度为65 ℃,阳极表观电流密度为50 A/m²,制得高铁酸钾的浓度可达5.72 mmol/L。对高铁酸钾强化电动修复技术去除土壤中的苯酚进行初探,结果表明该技术可以大幅度提高苯酚污染的修复效能,在反应120 h后,苯酚的去除率可达到90%以上,而且产生的Fe(OH)₃固体无毒无害,不会对环境造成二次污染。     

流动注射双安培法测定2，4-二氨基苯酚

利用2,4-二氨基苯酚在铂阳极上的催化氧化和不可逆电对构成的双安培定量分析理论,建立了直接测定2,4-二氨基苯酚的流动注射双安培法。使用已在恒电位下进行过预阳极化处理的双铂电极,在外加电压为零伏特时,通过在阳极上2,4-二氨基苯酚的氧化和在阴极上氧化铂的还原这两个不可逆电极反应过程,构成流动注射双安培检测体系。结果表明,在pH：8．69的B—R缓冲溶液中,2,4-二氨基苯酚的氧化电流与其浓度符合线性关系（r=0．9946,n=10）,其线性范围为4．0×10^-6mol／L～8．0×10^-4mol／L,检出限为6．0×10^-7mol／L。连续36次测定6．0×10^-5moL／L的2,4-二氨基苯酚溶液,电流值的RSD=3．12％。用流动注射双安培法测定样品中2,4-二氨基苯酚的含量,选择性和灵敏度很高,测定结果准确度较高。     

Conceptual difficulties experienced by senior high school students of electrochemistry: Electric circuits and oxidation-reduction equations

The purpose of this research was to investigate students' understanding of electrochemistry following a course of instruction. A list of conceptual and propositional knowledge statements was formulated to identify the knowledge base necessary for students to understand electric circuits and oxidation-reduction equations. The conceptual and propositional knowledge statements provided the framework for the development of a semistructured interview protocol which was administered to 32 students in their final year of high school chemistry. The interview questions about electric circuits revealed that several students in the sample were confused about the nature of electric current both in metallic conductors and in electrolytes. Students studying both physics and chemistry were more confused about current flow in metallic conductors than students who were only studying chemistry. In the section of the interview which focused on oxidation and reduction, many students experienced problems in identifying oxidation-reduction equations. Several misconceptions relating to the inappropriate use of definitions of oxidation and reduction were identified. The data illustrate how students attempted to make sense of the concepts of electrochemistry with the knowledge they had already developed or constructed. The implications of the research are that teachers, curriculum developers, and textbook writers, if they are to minimize potential misconceptions, need to be cognizant of the relationship between physics and chemistry teaching, of the need to test for erroneous preconceptions about current before teaching about electrochemical (galvanic) and electrolytic cells, and of the difficulties experienced by students when using more than one model to explain scientific phenomena.     

方波伏安法测定药物中丝裂霉素的含量

在磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.4)中,利用循环伏安法研究了丝裂霉素的电化学行为.结果显示,丝裂霉素在玻碳电极上出现一对氧化还原峰,其中Epa=-0.520 V,Epc=-0.556 V.方波伏安峰电流与丝裂霉素的浓度在5×10-6～1.0×10-4mol/L之间呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.5×10-6mol/L,可用于样品的测定.     

电生成Fenton试剂对偶氮苯染料废水的降解研究

用化学方法测定了偶氮苯最初的COD值,通过对电生成Fenton试剂对偶氮苯染料废水降解的动力学分析表明,偶氮苯的降解反应近似遵循一级反应动力学特征．在电生成Fenton试剂的过程中,有机物的去除率超过80％,有效降低了染料废水的浓度、色度和COD值．     

The Effect of Supplementing Instruction with Conceptual Change Texts on Students’ Conceptions of Electrochemical Cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of instruction supplemented by conceptual change texts (CCTs) over traditional instruction on students’ understanding of electrochemical (galvanic and electrolytic) cell concepts. The participants of the study consisted of 64 students from the two classes of a high school located in Turkey. Classes were randomly assigned to experimental group, which was exposed to CCTs as a supplementary material, and to control group, which was exposed to traditional instruction. A 23-item multiple-choice test was developed assess students’ conceptual understanding of electrochemical cells. This test was administered to both groups before and after the instruction. The results of ANCOVA indicated that students who were instructed by using CCTs had better conceptual understanding of electrochemical cells than those experiencing traditional instruction when their prior electrochemical cell concepts understanding was statistically controlled. The findings of this study suggest that CCTs can be used as a cost- and resource-effective supplement to classroom instruction to promote students’ understanding science concepts.     

Development of an electrochemical immunoassay for detection of gatifloxacin in swine urine

To detect gatifloxacin (GAT) residue in swine urine, an electrochemical immunoassay was established. An indirect competitive immunoassay was developed, in which the coating antigen is immobilized in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate and GAT residue from the sample competes with the limited binding sites in added anti-GAT antibody. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as the enzymatic label. A carbon fiber working electrode was constructed and current signals were detected by using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate and hydroquinone as an electrochemical mediator. The electrochemical immunoassay was evaluated by analysis of GAT in buffer or swine urine and an average value of half inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 8.9 ng/ml was obtained. Excellent specificity of the antibody was achieved with little cross-reaction with lomefloxacin (3.0%), ciprofloxacin (3.0%), and ofloxacin (1.9%) among commonly used (fluoro)quinolones. In conclusion, the immunoassay system developed in this research can be used as a rapid, powerful and on-site analytical tool to detect GAT residue in foods and food products.