GERONTOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS OF RELIGION

Stereotypes about aging and the old, both negative and positive, have significant influence upon older people themselves. Often unknowingly, older people incorporate these stereotypes into their own thinking and self-perceptions. A literature search revealed four primary hypotheses about the manner in which these self-stereotypes impact older people: stereotype threat, comparison, externalization, and internalization. Anecdotal examples of the four hypotheses are drawn from an unrelated research study that the authors are currently undertaking. Among these hypotheses, four basic characteristics of self-stereotypes are identified: (a) stereotypes can be negative or positive; (b) stereotypes have significant power, particularly if they are self-relevant; (c) stereotypes can be operative without awareness and influence physical and cognitive outcomes; and (d) negative stereotypes can be countered by positive priming. Due to their ability to significantly influence the cognitive and functional well-being of older people, further research is essential to better understand how these self-stereotypes function.     

GRADUATE EDUCATION IN GERONTOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: RESULTS OF A SURVEY

A questionnaire concerning graduate offerings in the psychology of aging was mailed to 238 departments of psychology throughout the United States. Of the 191 responses (a return rate of 80%), 16 departments were found to offer a formal program of graduate study in ger‐ontological psychology. An additional 11 departments reported new or planned programs in this specialty area. Of the remaining respondents, 22% reported one or more course offerings in the psychology of aging or one or more faculty with interests in this topic. However, approximately one‐half of the departments of psychology in American universities provided no opportunity for the study of adult development and aging. Information concerning postdoctoral study, programs of study in Canadian universities, and specialization in the clinical psychology of aging was also obtained. Such opportunities do not appear to be plentiful, especially in clinical gerontology.     

SEARCHING THE LITERATURE OF AGING: GERONTOLOGY REFERENCE SOURCES

Gerontology is a multidisciplinary field with a need for specialized sources of information. Standard reference tools can be used in a search for gerontological literature; however, many questions are more easily searched with specialized works. The publication of acquisitions lists from gerontology centers, the development of the National Clearinghouse on Aging, and the trend toward new reference books in gerontology are encouraging the development of bibliographic control of resource materials. This article discusses various reference tools in gerontology and points out areas for further growth.     

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF SELECTED STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS: TWENTY YEARS OF GERONTOLOGICAL EDUCATION

The Center for Studies in Aging at the University of North Texas was among the first to offer graduate training in aging. The primary objective was to develop and implement a curriculum in long‐term care administration. In the years since its establishment in 1967, the center has adapted its course offerings to meet the needs and career goals of a variety of students. Results of a 20‐year alumni survey are presented. The selected characteristics are instructive and suggest new directions for future recruitment efforts.     

GERONTOLOGICAL INTEREST AND OPINIONS OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine and analyze the opinions and interests in geriatrics, gerontology, and older people of physicians, registered nurses, and dentists; and (2) to make comparisons of the expressed interests and opinions between the three groups of practitioners. The instrument consisted of two parts, demographic information and 22 questions regarding the interest and training in geriatrics/gerontology and opinions of the health needs of the elderly. From the results obtained in this study implications for the future training of health care providers are discussed.     

LEARNING AND DOING: THE IMPORTANCE OF SERVICE-LEARNING IN GERONTOLOGY

Service-learning is an approach to teaching and learning that has great potential for gerontology. The articles in this special issue present a wealth of conceptual and practical information about how to create service-learning opportunities, manage them effectively, and evaluate them appropriately. This article identifies several common themes in the articles and offers an administrative perspective on the role and value of service-learning.     

AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY OF LIBRARIES IN GERONTOLOGICAL CENTERS

Libraries with a specific gerontological focus were studied to obtain perspective on services available through them and to analyze needs in this area. Questionnaires were designed to develop a profile of the libraries and the service they provide. Three types of collections emerged from the date: private/special, general libraries, and gerontological libraries. It was found that there is a need for the creation of communication channels between gerontological libraries to promote referral services, the building of collections, and interlibrary loans. As a result of the study, criterion for standards in the field of gerontology can be formulated.     

PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILLS PROFILES OF ATHLETES: THE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK

In an interrupted time series design with switching replications, three groups of club golfers received feedback on their psychological and psychomotor skills and level of involvement in golf as measured by the scales of the Golf Performance Survey. Repeated measures on these skills and performance levels in competition were obtained in the weeks before and after the feedback sessions to evaluate both short and long term effects. Multivariate analyses of the data revealed some improvement in the psychological and psychomotor skills of the participants, but no significant effects on performance. Although the profiling of strengths and weaknesses is often regarded as an important component of performance enhancement interventions, the results of this study suggest that subsequent training in those skills is necessary if the interventions are to be effective with athletes.     

NONVERBAL ASPECTS OF CREATIVE THINKING: STUDIES OF DEAF CHILDREN

Pictorial figural representations are of essential importance in the cognitive development of the deaf. Creative abilities of the deaf were studied with regard to five components of classroom behaviour: motivation, socialization, antisocial behaviour, passiveness and level of intelligence. The subjects were a group of 22 deaf pupils aged 13‐15 and a group of hearing children. The Test of Creative Thinking‐Drawing Productions (TCT‐DP), the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and the Pupil Behaviour Inventory were used to examine main trends. Comparisons indicated that no significant difference was found between the school functioning of the hearing and the nonhearing in achievement motivation and antisocial behaviour. However in socialization and in intelligence level the nonhearing were significantly lower than the hearing. TCT‐DP results showed that the number of thematic solutions and humour responses increased with deafness, and certain elements became more stereotypical, less individual and less original In addition, IQ in deaf pupils was related to the drawing of concrete objects, whereas in the hearing group intelligence level was related to use of abstractions.     

BASIC UBRARY SKILLS: A CHOICE OF LEARNING MEDIA

The paper describes an attempt to provide students with a choice of learning media with which to absorb basic library skills. We were interested in seeing whether students particularly favoured one medium rather than another, and also, from the point of view of our Media Services section, we were concerned with comparing the various formats with regard to their effectiveness in communicating this particular information     

CREATIVE INTELLIGENCE: A CONCEPT OF TRUE’ GIFTEDNESS

Recent years have seen substantial changes in the conceptualization of giftedness: incorporation of gifts in areas other than those emphasized in school, emphasis on qualitative aspects (patterns and structures rather than levels) and acceptance of the importance of noncognitive factors in giftedness (e.g., motivation, self‐image, feelings). A further broadening has involved steadily increasing emphasis on creativity, which is seen as interacting with conventional intelligence to yield “true” giftedness. Creativity itself involves both cognition and noncognitive factors such as emotion, motivation and social influences. Fostering of giftedness requires encouragement of creativity, and especially of intense interest, prolonged effort, the feeling of not being alone and the joy of achieving.     

THE IMPACT OF A GERONTOLOGICAL INTERVENTION ON OSTEOPATHIC MEDICAL STUDENTS

In order to evaluate the impact of adding a brief unit on aging to the first‐year curriculum of a school of osteopathic medicine a quasiexperimental design was employed. The educational experience involved three hours of classroom material, a visit to a nursing home, and a visit to a congregate housing facility for the well elderly. Over one semester the entire first‐year class was scheduled for the program. Analysis of pretest and posttest data revealed a mild but significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes with respect to the elderly. Subjective responses to the program were very positive.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF A GERONTOLOGY CERTIFICATE PROGRAM

Educational programs in academic gerontology with differing formats and requirements have emerged in a variety of educational institutions across Canada and the United States during the past decade. In 1986 and 1987, two gerontology certificate programs were initiated in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. One program is offered through the Faculty of Continuing Education at the local university, the other through the community college's Department of Nursing and Allied Health. Although both programs are multidisciplinary, they differ in their relative emphasis on theory, practice, and research.

The above and other differences were examined by a survey designed to probe why students from a variety of disciplines selected one of these programs over the other. It was hypothesized that variables such as preferred learning style, previous experience with specific types of educational facilities, and influence of peers and work setting would be factors influencing program selection. The results of this study lead to recommendations regarding the status of gerontological credentials in Canada and the need for students to be more aware of program choices.     

THE 21ST CENTURY CAMPUS: GERONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Through the centuries, universities have reflected the spirit of contemporary societies. Demographic and technological projections for the 21st century will require restructuring for the institutions to survive. Specifically, forecasters predict that continued declining birth rates and widespread adoption of distance learning will translate into fewer young campus residents. At the same time, we can expect more adult learners to head back to campus in order to update skills. In addition, university residential facilities appear to be well suited for the needs of aging baby boomers. An increasing number of institutions now offer retirement facilities on campus to retired graduates. Other institutions will find that that they can survive declining youth enrollments by converting their facilities for use by the aging. This article summarizes emerging trends and describes how institutions can best adapt their campus to an aging society.     

THE FIRST 20 YEARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON CENTER FOR GERONTOLOGY

At 20 years of age the University of Oregon Center for Gerontology is one of the oldest academic gerontology centers in the nation. The origins of the center and its accomplishments are highlighted in this paper. Also discussed are the center's current design, including both the continuities and the changes that have characterized its development.     

ATTITUDES OF LITHUANIAN SERVICE PROVIDERS IN GERONTOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAMS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Having regained independence from Russia in 1990, Lithuania is in the process of developing a social service system to meet the needs of its older citizens. This paper describes the current situation of older persons in Lithuania and the early stages of gerontology education and gerontological service provision in that nation. Future social service providers (n = 22) who participated in one of Lithuania's first gerontological education training programs completed the 17 items of Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People Scale. Results indicate that future service providers hold generally neutral to positive attitudes toward older persons. The absence of negative attitudes toward older persons among the first generation of Lithuanian gerontological service providers bodes well for the development of gerontology education and services for older persons in Lithuania.     

CLOTHING PREFERENCES OF OLDER WOMEN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GERONTOLOGY AND THE AMERICAN CLOTHING INDUSTRY

This paper reports the findings of a study investigating the clothing preferences and problems of older women. The sample consisted of thirty women age 65 years and over who were members of two clubs in Tallahassee, Florida. Personal interviews were conducted by the researcher in the home of each respondent.

Style features discovered to be preferred were A‐line skirts; princess, A‐line, and shift dresses; V‐necklines; convertible collars; long with cuff, three‐quarter length, and short sleeve styles. Color preferences revealed blue as the most popular color for clothing. Implications of the research for gerontologists in higher education and for the American clothing industry are cited and discussed.     

GREEN MARKETING:A NOTICEABLE NEW TREND OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

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广告创意与广告文化

广告创意过程是一种复杂的思维过程，是激活潜意识，孕育和产生灵感的过程，并且受主观客观诸多因素的制约和影响。广告创意必须依照广告策略的整体框架进行。广告创意离不开广告文化。广告文化从属于大众文化。广告作为一种大众消费文化在推动社会发展方面起了重要的作用。不同民族的价值观接受不同的广告创意。不同的广告创意则孕育出各具特色的广告文化。广告人应认识和把握文化的共通性和差异性，在世界范围的竞争中创建中国特色的广告文化。