高一学生物理问题解决过程中元认知监控行为的调查研究

元认知是影响人的认识活动效率的重要而高级的认知机能。本研究通过自编"学生物理问题解决元认知监控行为检视表",对高一学生问题解决过程中的元认知监控行为进行分析,怀特图显示:学优生和学困生在元认知监控行为的"计划、调节、监察、检查、反思"五个项目的表现上都存在巨大差异;从解题前的计划到解题中的调节和监察,再到解题后的检查和反思,学生整体的元认知监控行为表现越来越差。据此,提出高一物理教学建议:教会学生知识组织的方法;提升学生的策略性知识;提高学困生的解题信念;加强自我检查的学习体验;培养学生解题后自我反思的习惯。     

关于高中物理教学中解题策略的训练方法分析

本文首先就高中物理解题思维的主要培养途径进行了简要的介绍,接着提出了高中物理教学中主要的解题策略和训练方法。旨在通过于此,全面提升高中物理的解题效率和效果。     

高中生物理学习动机的几点分析

1 动机的心理学概念 动机是指引起和维持个体的活动,并使活动朝向某一目标的内部心理过程或内部动力。人的各种活动是在动机的指引下向着某一目标进行的。和学生学习有紧密联系的需要包括自我实现的需要、认识与理解的需要,在此基础上产生的两种动机是:成就动机、兴趣。兴趣是人们探究某种事物或从事某种活动的心理倾向,是推动人们认识事物、探求真理的重要动机。成     

运用思维导图求解劣构问题探究

劣构问题广泛存在于生活实践中,具有结构形式灵活、与具体情境联系紧密、涉及因素与条件多样、存在多种解决方案和评价标准等特点,探究求解劣构问题的有效途径具有现实意义。具有发散性结构的思维导图在劣构问题求解过程中,有助于帮助问题求解者在搜寻、选择信息时理清思路,正确、全面地表征问题;在比较解决方案时,展开联想,吸取各方立场和建议,形成一个综合完善的问题解决方案;在求解过程中,制定计划,监控与评估解决过程。     

Analysis of Korean High School Students' Decision-Making Processes in Solving a Problem Involving Biological Knowledge

In this study, the cognitive characteristics of students' decision-making processes centered on phases, difficulties, and strategies are analysed in the personal dailylife context involving biological knowledge. The subjects were first year science and general high school students in Seoul, Korea; 6 female students and 7 male students. The students' decision-making processes were analysed by think-aloud and participant observation methods. On the whole, the students' decision-making processes progressed in following order: recognizing a problem, searching for alternatives, evaluating the alternatives, and decision. During the decision-making processes, the above phases were repeated by trial and error. Students preferred noncompensatory rules that did not allow trade offs among alternatives for decisions, rather than compensatory rules of selection. Students had a tendency to have difficulties in analysing the difference between initial state and desirable state of the problem, organising biological knowledge-related problems, and clarifying values as selective criteria. Even students who had high achievement and more positive science-related attitudes did not apply biological knowledge to search for alternatives, and could not utilise scientific values as selective criteria very well. We discuss the implications of these results for teaching of decision-making in respect to scientific literacy.     

解高中数学竞赛中周期问题的常用策略

周期性是函数的重要性质,周期问题往往以背景新颖、较为抽象,颇受竞赛命题者的青睐,笔者选择近几年高中数学竞赛中的典型例题加以阐述．     

高中男女生数学解题思维定势的特点与差异调查

数学解题思维定势是指解题者在解决数学问题的思维过程中表现出来的思维的定向预备状态，同中学生的数学解题思维过程中普遍存在各式各样的思维定势，这些思维定势的总体特点是：以技能性定势，知识性定势为主，以策略性定势为辅，具有显著的迁移性，女生的数学解题思维定势中知识性定势，技能性定势成分相对多于男生，而策略性定势成分则少于男生，在数学教学中，应“精加工”陈述性知识，注重变式训练，加强数学思想方法的教学。     

小学生数学问题解决中的"视觉-空间表征"

"视觉-空间表征"是采用视觉表象的表征方式,空间视觉化能力是个体对刺激情境进行"视觉-空间表征"的能力,前者成为小学生解决数学问题的主要心理机制之一,后者则成为影响小学生能否成功解决数学问题的重要主体因素.V/A模型阐述了"视觉-空间表征"与数学问题解决、空间视觉化能力的关系及其在数学问题解决中的作用机制."视觉-空间表征"包括图像表征、图式表征两种,图像表征是图式表征的基础,也是低年级小学生数学问题解决的有效表征方式.     

情境教学在初中物理课堂中的作用

文章用较丰富的事例,阐述了情境教学在初中物理课堂中培养学生的学习兴趣;激发学生创新思维;挖掘学生创造潜能等方面的重要作用。     

Types and Qualities of Knowledge and their Relations to Problem Solving in Physics

Based on empirical findings and theoretical considerations related to the field of expertise research, the importance of “types” and “qualities” of knowledge in relation to problem solving in physics was investigated. The students (N =138) in this study had a level of competence that corresponds to an intensive beginner college course in physics. It was found that conceptual declarative knowledge and problem scheme knowledge are excellent predictors of problem solving performance. However, a detailed analysis shows that the first knowledge type is more typical for low achievers (novices) in physics problem solving whereas the second type is predominately used by high achievers (experts). Regarding types and qualities of knowledge and their relations to problem solving, the results of a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) indicate that two dimensions of knowledge can be distinguished. On the extreme limits of the first dimension, which could be named “problem solving relevance vs. structure of discipline”, are the types of knowledge and the qualities of knowledge, respectively. The second dimension of knowledge could be named “single knowledge elements vs. organised knowledge units”. There are types of knowledge as well as qualities of knowledge distributed along this dimension. Consequences of these results for improving physics education are discussed.     

How Partner Gender Influences Female Students’ Problem Solving in Physics Education

Research has shown that female students cannot profit as much as male students can from cooperative learning in physics, especially in mixed-gender dyads. This study has explored the influence of partner gender on female students’ learning achievement, interaction and the problem-solving process during cooperative learning. In Shanghai, a total of 50 students (26 females and 24 males), drawn from two classes of a high school, took part in the study. Students were randomly paired, and there were three research groups: mixed-gender dyads (MG), female–female dyads (FF) and male–male dyads (MM). Analysis of students’ pre- and post-test performances revealed that female students in the single-gender condition solved physics problems more effectively than did those in the mixed-gender condition, while the same was not the case for male students. We further explored the differences between female and male communication styles, and content among the three research groups. It showed that the females’ interaction content and problem-solving processes were more sensitive to partner gender than were those for males. This might explain why mixed-gender cooperation in physics disadvantages females in high schools.     

问题图式在物理问题解决教学中的应用

依据认知心理学研究中提出的问题图式及构成要素,阐述物理问题解决教学的目标、教学方案,并通过具体的教学实例呈现教学方案的实施。     

生物检索表在高中生物解题中的应用

生物检索表是生物学研究中常用的一种专业工具,通过将某一群生物依照某些稳定且易于观察和鉴别的特征进行一系列的化分,最终指向门、纲、目、科、属、种乃至亚种等分类阶元,多用于对未知分类地位的生物进行科学分类和鉴别.     

Algebraic Problem Solving for Middle School Students with Autism and Intellectual Disability

Problem solving is an important yet neglected mathematical skill for students with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability (ASD/ID). In addition, the terminology and vocabulary used in mathematical tasks may be unfamiliar to students with ASD/ID. The current study evaluated the effects of modified schema-based instruction (SBI) on the algebra problem solving skills of three middle school students with ASD/ID. Mathematics vocabulary terms were taught using constant time delay. Participants were then taught how to use an iPad that displayed a task analysis with embedded prompts to complete each step of solving the word problems. This study also examined participant’s ability to generalize skills when supports were faded. Results of the multiple probe across participants design showed a functional relation between modified SBI and mathematical problem solving as well as constant time delay and acquisition of mathematics vocabulary terms. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.     

2011年新疆中考物理试题与物理课程标准一致性分析

随着新课程标准的出台,学业成就评价和课程标准的一致性分析成为教育改革的热门话题.借鉴美国SEC一致性分析方法对2011年新疆中考物理试卷与全日制义务教育物理课程标准间的一致性进行了研究.研究结果表明,物理课程内容标准和中考物理试卷的一致性程度不高,主要表现为两者在内容主题和认知水平上的侧重点不同.     

Contrasting Perspectives and Performance of High School Students on Problem Solving in Real World, Situated, and School Contexts

This study describes and contrasts theoretically and empirically problem solving of situated problems in school and the real world at the macro level as a social-cultural activity system and analyzes the process of solving situated problems by high school students at the micro level as an activity. Three potentially experiential problem tasks were given to 31 last year high School science students. Action map, a concept derived from activity theory, was used to represent the solutions. Qualitative methods were used to analyze the data obtained from the written solutions as well as interviews with the participants. Leont'ev's activity theory and Engeström's activity system were used as frameworks to analyze and interpret the data. The results indicate that there are fundamental identifiable differences among the activities and the activity systems of problem solving in the real world, situated, and school contexts.     

高中学生物理视觉思维能力的调查与思考

寻找物理难教难学的根源一直是令人关注的课题,本文从视觉思维的角度出发,通过调查研究,分析得出学生视觉思维能力的强弱直接影响物理课程的学习,进而立足现实,提出相关教学建议。     

关于中学生情感问题的思考

本文从中学生心理健康教育的角度出发,就初中生早恋的问题,针对具体的教育情境,分析了中学生早恋问题产生的原因,并提出了在中学教育中处理早恋问题的若干方法.     

Effects of Genre and Content Knowledge on Historical Thinking With Academically Diverse High School Students

Historians use a range of genres in presenting their subjects, yet educators have increasingly privileged argumentation to help novices to reason with historical content. However, the influence genre and content knowledge are relatively unmeasured in this discipline. To learn more, the authors asked 101 eleventh-grade students to compose an argument or a summary on the Gulf of Tonkin and analyzed basic and disciplinary reading and writing measures. Results indicate that students with adequate content knowledge performed better on a disciplinary reading measure when composing arguments, and students with limited content knowledge demonstrated greater comprehension when composing summaries. Students with more knowledge wrote more; however, students who wrote summaries were not disadvantaged in terms of level of historical thinking or overall quality. Last, providing students with disabilities with a simple reading accommodation afforded them the ability to participate in the disciplinary literacy task at levels comparable to their peers.     

高中英语教师专业知识结构内容分析

教师专业知识是教师专业发展的核心内容。在对已有教师专业知识结构理论框架分析基础上,结合英语学科特点,从学科、教师、学生、课程、教学、教育背景等方面,对高中英语教师专业知识进行研究,重新构建教师专业知识结构框架。该框架清晰地呈现了知识类别及其相互关系。