教师:道德身份与道德教育

传统道德观对道德的神圣化、绝对性与抽象性的规定，使教师被推崇为道德的化身。这种道德身份给教师带来了不必要的道德冲突与负重。教师只有从道德的化身转变为道德的对话者，采取以对话为核心的德育叙事策略，才能收到理想的德育效果。     

Teacher preparation to proficiency and beyond: exploring the landscape

Concerns around the provision and retention of quality teachers are global. Amongst these concerns are the preparedness of graduate teachers and the quality and nature of teacher education. The purpose of the article is to focus questions of teacher preparedness and education within a wider discussion around the professional life-cycle of teachers. Initial teacher education is viewed as the first phase of the professional life-cycle of a teacher; part of a professional continuum of learning and expertise, rather than a distinct preparatory phase. We do not present a detailed model for this continuum; believing there is still significant work to be done on defining and delineating the levels of expertise. Such work is beyond the scope of this paper. We do provide a starting point for further consideration. Further, we suggest a scaffolded transition, determined by the learning needs of teachers, between initial teacher education and induction, moving to in-service learning, with closer connections between providers and schools to mitigate against a disconnect between these phases of development. The potential role of professional standards in supporting teacher learning across the professional life-cycle is also discussed.     

德育模式与德育价值

西方背景下,德育理论先干德育模式产生,德育模式的建构有着完备的德育理论做指导.但是,中国由于教育经历了"文革"十年的颠覆性破坏,理论的建构和实践模式的运作都是在摸索中前进的,所以德育理论和德育模式是在交织中不断丰富和发展的:一方面道德教育理论的丰富促进了德育价值的进步,进而促进了德育模式的开展;另一方面,德育模式实施所收到的良好成效进一步端正了德育价值和生成了新的德育价值.     

教师个人特征中的价值与态度：走向教师教育改革

人类教育发展的历史证明,教师在教育中处于中心地位并对教育产生重大影响。在对政策、课程内容和过程方法等教师教育的主要方面进行改革的同时,信息技术的使用、质的评估、研究、网络等也异常重要。教师专业化不应局限于传统意义上的对学历资格的要求、对知识与技能的掌握,还应该包括今日优质教学所必需的个人品质、价值和态度。21世纪呼唤一种基于四大学习支柱的新教育范式的产生。一种教与学的整体分析方法旨在培养学生认知、情感与积极的态度,提高学生在知识、理解力与洞察力、价值与态度、技巧等方面的综合能力,并倡导一种更加灵活多样的评价方法。     

试析道德价值

从主、客观角度对道德价值的本质及主要特征进行探讨,得出精神的需要是道德产生的本质。通过对道德价值的主要特征进行分析,得出对道德价值的正确评价：即从以道德判断区分得出制定正确的评价标准和检验标准。     

师从师出:师范教育的德育(树人)之道

师范教育的德育是所育人才能否为师的根本。当下我国师范教育的德育面临德与智失谐、德与文失谐、德与行失谐的窘境。师范教育的德育既有普通德育的共性,又有其固有特性,是更为严苛和神圣的德育范式。因此需要用原点思维对师范教育的德育进行审慎思考,让师范教育的德育回归“善”之本真,同时将“情”之德育融于现实生活,把德性的养成作为塑造德育格局的重心,进而追求德育的“美”之境界。建构师范教育的德育体系必须立足当下中国社会现实,在中华传统优秀文化滋养下分析当代师范教育的德育理路,探寻师范教育的德育文化语境与路径。从面向“新时代”,植根祖国大地,围绕职业素养三个方面,分别探讨在“时间”文化语境、“空间”文化语境和“职业”文化语境中的中国特色师范教育的德育(树人)之道,凸显当代中国师范教育德育的实践逻辑、国际视野和专业属性。     

失范与拯救:论传统道德价值观的社会影响力

以"仁、义、礼、智、信"为核心价值的传统道德体系是中国人做人做事的价值之维和"头顶星空"。在当代中国社会实际中出现的一系列道德失范、伦理失序的人和事,从文化本源归因上说是传统道德价值观社会影响力消退和衰落。寻求道德失范拯救之道,在于倡导全社会兴起传统文化复兴运动,把"五常"的核心价值体系纳入现代教育中,回归传统道德价值体系权威,发挥法治和舆情法则的力量,重塑传统道德社会影响力。     

美国人眼中的道德观

1美国人还有道德吗?这是个好问题。许多人坚持对与错乃是个人的意见。但是, 还是有些人在呼唤美国人回到传统的道德价值里去。威廉·班奈特, 前任美国教育部长, 正是为了此目的而在 1993 年编辑了《美德》这本书。班奈特认为伟大的道德故事可以建造性格。班奈持这本书的成功显示了许多美国人仍然相信道德的价值。但是它们到底是什么呢?     

Test of Moral Values: Its Development and Try-out

The need for a more vigorous and organized Moral Education programme in Singapore schools is emphatically made in the Report on the Ministry of Education, 1979 (Goh et al., 1980). It recommended that Moral Education be formally taught as a subject in the school curriculum throughout primary and secondary schools. The concern for Moral Education manifested itself in yet another attempt by a group of parliamentarians, resulting in the publication of the Report on Moral Education (Ong et al., 1979). This report serves as a common frame of reference for all Moral Education programmes currently implemented in Singapore schools. The state of Moral Education in Singapore schools was systematically documented and relevant issues were objectively studied in 1981 by a committee appointed by the Ministry of Education (Eng et al., 1981). Subsequently, exising programmes were improved on and new programmes introduced. At present, there are no less than six moral education programmes, both secular and religious, in Singapore schools.     

Teacher Growth: The Formation and Pursuit of Personal Values

Facilitative environmental factors, skills and knowledge training, and reflection upon experiences and beliefs are regarded as important in teacher development. The attainment of normative professional identity indicates that a teacher has grasped the principles of skills, knowledge, and beliefs that govern teachers' professional behavior. However, what is neglected is the psychosocial process that brings about internal changes in teachers' growth. This paper argues that the soul behind teacher growth is the self-as-agent in directing a person's growth in fulfilling his or her own personal values and personality. Teachers with self-defining personalities search for congruent environments to nurture their personal values and they engage in generativity tasks to actualize those values. With the success and satisfaction brought about by the accomplishment of their personal values, teachers do not stop at a plateau but will keep pursuing continuous growth.     

德性之师·率性之师·真理之师——近代欧洲教育家塑造的三种教师形象及其比较

教师形象是教师的教育理念、教育行为、人格品性等外显的综合表现.近代欧洲的三位教育家--洛克、卢梭和第斯多惠,分别在他们的著作中塑造了三种不同的教师形象,即:德性之师、率性之师与真理之师.三种教师形象既兼具师者的共性,又个性鲜明,对于当今时代塑造理想的教师形象有着一定的启示.     

The Teacher As Moral Agent

Abstract

Lawrence Kohlberg's work in moral education appears to be significant enough philosophically that one is tempted to use much of it to resolve basic problems of long standing. In this essay it is argued that it would prove more fruitful for Kohlberg or anyone else to avoid applying his developmentalist position to the settling of such problems as utilitarian/formalist supremacy or the search for a ‘best’ morality. Instead, emphasis could be placed on the explicating of the fundamental requirements of a non‐relativistic, non‐egoistic morality of whatever sort.

Such basic moral requirements serve to highlight of what principled morality (Stages Five and Six) consists, and why it need not be tied to a Rawlsian Formalism, or to any other normative ethical position. In fact, there is considerable cause for supposing that what Kohlberg really achieves with clarity is nothing more than a sequential typology of development in moral thinking from egoism to universalism, and from situation‐specific rules to universalizable and reversable judgments of principle. This in itself constitutes, of course, an enormous undertaking and, if successfully defended, would be a very significant breakthrough in Psychology, Education and Philosophy. It is what Kohlberg ought to be about, rather than something unnecessarily contentious.     

论教师道德权威

教师道德权威是一种教师通过道德指令施加于学生并为学生自觉遵循的作用力。由于学生总是具有一种反抗遵循的可能性,所以存在一个道德权威的证成问题。教师道德权威的证成具有一个实践推理的双重结构:其一是基础理由,它成为学生履行指令所规定义务的道德依据;其二是条件理由,它使学生具有遵循教师指令的规范必要性。就基础理由来说,由于道德指令反映了两类具有不同道德性质的道德善,所以据此可以将教师道德权威分为效果论权威与非效果论权威两种类型。就条件理由来说,教师道德权威的证成要求教师同时拥有道德判断力与道德品格这两种德性。就它的德育意义来说,教师道德权威有利于发挥道德教导、道德氛围以及教师道德人格的德育作用。     

中国传统整体主义价值观与大学生道德价值观教育

中国传统整体主义价值观是珍贵的思想文化遗产，也是代表中华民族精神和民族性格的宝贵资源。在当代大学生道德价值观教育中，有必要对中国传统整体主义价值观进行梳理，在与大学生现代道德要求的同构契合和异质冲突中，使其得到批判地继承和创造性地转换应用，帮助大学生形成具有时代精神、体现民族特色的道德价值观。     

多元价值观中的道德教育

在价值多元的现代社会,道德面临价值不可公度的困境,现代人需要通过理性的方式建构共同生活的道德原则.道德教育中的内在矛盾也需要一种有想象力的教育实践.道德教育需要在参与联合生活中通过不断扩展的生活内容和理性方法来培养儿童的道德自主性.     

教师的道德哲学作为道德教育隐蔽课程的价值及其局限

教师的道德哲学是一种个人意义上的道德哲学,具有理性与经验性并存、自觉性与习常性共在的特点。教师的道德哲学成为学校道德教育隐蔽课程的最基本构成要素是逻辑与现实的必然。在学生看来,教师的道德哲学甚至比正式的道德课对道德问题更具解释力,因此其对学生道德发展的影响具有深远的意义。教师的道德哲学对于道德教育任务的完成有着不可替代的作用,但其作为道德教育的隐蔽课程又有一定的局限性。     

在思辨与实践之间:道德价值的生命回归——基于唐君毅道德哲学的分析

面对西方哲学的挑战,现代新儒家对"思辨"与"实践"问题作出回应,主张将学问回归生命实践和生活现实;基于对实践问题的理性的、批判的反思,现代新儒家力图对为何实践、何以实践以及如何实践提出合理的解说和理据。他们首先从传统儒家的心性论出发,在本体论上为实践建立起形而上的客观根据;进而通过实践的主体性的确立,明确实践之所以可能的主观根据;最后从实践的工夫入路的角度,将实践主体落实于生命个体,主张在现实的生活实践中成长生命。在思辨与实践的问题上,现代新儒家守住了实践在修养工夫上的优位性,而这恰恰是以思辨的论述方式来完成的。这既是现代新儒学在其知识化之路上迂回实现的向生命本身和生活实践的回归,也是传统儒学在西方哲学思潮冲击下所作的自我改造与重生。     

求真、行善、尚美：德育价值的根性追求

真善美是德育价值追求的哲学理念依托。真、善、美是人类共同的价值取向,体现着人类生命存在的终极价值和文化特性,既具有终极价值旨向性,又具有在一定社会历史条件下具体统一的现实可能性。本文从真善美追求的各种性质特征展开分析,探寻真善关对道德价值的理想和现实实现的能动性,从而使真善美引导整个教育的审美改造和人的完美发展同时追求真善关的完全交融和高度统一,也是道德建设的最高境界,是德育价值体系内核确立的关键。     

教师教育治理研究:价值、内容与方法

教师教育治理即政府、大学、市场、社会及公民等多元主体共同参与、协作应对教师教育公共事务并承担相应责任的新型管理和服务模式。面对我国教师教育制度变迁中出现的现实问题,围绕我国教师教育治理结构与机制的优化、健全,开展深度研究,具有迫切的现实动因和重要的学理价值。未来研究需要拓展学科视角并加强基于本土实践的实证研究,力争多侧面、全方位地揭示和剖析我国教师教育治理的基本问题,全面、理性、深刻地认识教师教育"善治"之道,为我国教师教育制度建设提供坚实的研究基础。     

Psychological and Moral Development for Teacher Education

Abstract

After a brief discussion on the need for more effective teacher education programmes in the United States, the article presents a first attempt to link moral and psychological education with a teacher training curriculum. Employing a sample of pre‐service teachers, the course in educational psychology was redesigned to deliberately teach counselling techniques as a means of stimulating ego and moral development. The results indicate positive shifts on both the Loevinger test of ego development and Kohlberg post‐conventional moral maturity using the Rest, Defining Issues Test. The relation between teacher training and development is detailed. It is strongly suggested that teacher education should adopt a developmental framework for both goals and instructional strategies.