协方差分析在体育心理学混合设计实验研究中的应用

研究通过实例来探讨协方差分析在体育心理学混合设计实验研究中的应用，旨在进一步提高研究结果的准确性。结果表明：协方差分析适用于体育心理学混合设计实验研究的数据处理；协方差分析的精度要好于方差分析；协方差分析是实验结束后借助统计方法对实验误差进行有效控制的一种较理想的方法。     

方差分析的案例教学研究

结合一个实际的前后测实验,设计出了7个案例,展示了具体的方差分析案例教学过程,其中涉及单因素、双因素、协变量、交互作用等的方差分析问题。旨在探索教学方法的同时,丰富统计教学内容,提高教学质量。     

协方差分析在手纹选材中的应用──汉族女子手球运动员若干身体素质与手纹特征间关系的研究

以协方差分析为主要分析方法，对汉族女子手球运动员的若干身体素质和手纹特征间的关系进行研究。结果表明：汉族女子手球运动员的身体素质不仅与手纹特征相关联，而且与手纹特征的交互作用相关联，说明身体素质和一种手纹特征间的关系与另一种手纹特征有关，身体素质为发展潜力常常与某些手纹特征的组合有关。     

基于融合协方差的红外和可见光图像特征融合方法

考虑到不同特征代表了图像的不同信息,融合后的特征更能体现图像的本质,重点阐述分析了基于融合区域协方差的特征融合方法,该方法可以自然地融合多个相关的特征,协方差计算本身具有滤波能力且效率高,最后通过设计合适的目标特征,基于区域协方差融合特征实现舰船目标识别。实验表明,融合协方差描述子可以较好地融合舰船可见光图像和红外图像的联合目标特征,提高目标识别能力。     

改善青少年身体机能水平的对策性意见

目的:通过对中国学生体质调研工作,针对2005年河北省学生肺活量、耐久力指标均值与2000年全国及本省进行比较,获得动态性分析结果,找出尚存差距,提出改善青少年身体机能水平的对策意见与措施。方法:系统分析2000~2005年全国与河北学生体质调研数据,计算河北2005年与全国2000年数据差值;计算河北2005年与2000年数据差值,并绘制曲线图进行动态分析。结果:2005年河北各年龄段学生肺活量和耐久力指标均值,普遍低于2000年全国与河北平均水平,且下降幅度较大,女生比男生更为严重。对策:分析学生身体机能水平逐年下降的原因,提出对策意见,并采用人体生理、生化监测指标,设计有氧运动实验研究方案,创建科学锻炼的运动模式与运动生理负荷模式,寻求改善青少年身体机能水平的有效途径。     

研究课题与统计方法的互相促进

讨论了证实性因素分析、结构公式模型、多层线性模型与传统的探索性因素分析、方差分析的不同,分析了体育科学研究中均数比较的常见错误。指出研究课题的深入体现在：需要考虑的变量增多,变量的交互作用增多,从而导致统计技术的进步;而统计技术的进步推动人们进行更加深入的研究,两者相辅相成。科学研究的现象虽然是从简单到复杂,但理论概括却仍需具备简洁性。     

跆拳道对改善大学生羞怯感和身体自我概念的影响

采用分层抽样法抽取安徽农业大学255名在读大学生进行调查和实验研究,试图探讨跆拳道在改善大学生羞怯感和身体自我概念中的作用。经过1学期(15周)的跆拳道实验干预发现,实验组实验后羞怯感总均分显著低于实验前,说明跆拳道干预后,大学生的羞怯感显著低于实验前;在身体协调、体育活动、身体肥胖、运动能力、整体身体、外表、力量、灵活、耐力、自尊和身体自我概念总均分上显著高于实验前;在身体健康因子上差异不显著,但表现为实验后的均分高于实验前。对照组前后测试无显著性差异。用差值的方式来进一步检验研究结果发现,在羞怯总均分、身体协调、体育活动、运动能力、整体身体、外表、力量、灵活、耐力和总均分差值上表现为实验组差值显著高于对照组;在身体健康、身体肥胖和自尊上差值差异不显著,但表现为实验组差值高于对照组;在身体肥胖差值上表现为女性显著高于男性;在羞怯总均分及身体自我描述其他因子及总均分差值上无显著性别差异,但在整体身体、力量、自尊差值平均分上表现为男性高于女性,其他因子表现为女性均分高于男性。     

合作学习应用于体育专业田径课的实证研究

采用不相等实验组、控制组前后测设计,以学习方法、性别为自变量,田径学习质量为因变量,身体素质为协变量,经多元协方差分析,结合观察法,对学生田径学习、心理类指标进行测量。结果表明:合作学习用于体育专业田径课对学习质量影响极显著,学习方法主效应下团队凝聚力、田径专项成绩、学习效率、学习态度影响极显著、情感体验影响显著;男生田径专项成绩、学习效率优于女生,差异显著;教学方法与性别交互作用对学习效率影响显著;学习效率是最能体现自变量影响的因变量。     

模态分析技术在机床设计中的应用

本文主要通过介绍模态分析的产生与发展以及实验模态的测试方法,进一步了解机械动力学研究与分析的基本内容和所要求解的结果.结合机床的优化设计过程,阐述了实验模态及模态分析在机床设计中的应用.     

协方差分析在学校体育中的应用

1　前言协方差分析是在直线回归与方差分析结合的基础上发展起来的一种统计方法。假如我们要比较城市学生与农村学生肺活量的差异 ,即使用同年龄、同性别的学生进行比较 ,仍存在某种偏差。因为 ,通常已知肺活量与身高存在直线回归关系 ,所以 ,要考虑二者肺活量的差异是否因身高的均数不同所给予的影响 ,在同年龄、同性别学生中身高又是无法控制的因素 ,此时 ,可借助于协方差分析 ,将与肺活量呈直线关系的身高化成相等后 ,再比较两组肺活量均数间差别有无显著性。总的说 ,在比较 2组或多组均数时 ,往往有一些未经控制的因素 ,这些因素与原比…     

协方差矩阵和相关系数矩阵下主成分分析比较研究

通过对同一原始数据的协方差矩阵和相关系数矩阵主成分分析进行比较研究,发现二者的应用与研究目的有关,若不加区别,将会暴露各自的优点与不足。因此,在实际应用中,选择哪种矩阵进行主成分分析,应视具体的研究目的而定。     

Alternate Approaches to Analysis of Covariance: Non-Simultaneous and Simultaneous Inference

Abstract

This paper has three sections: (1) advantages and assumptions of ANCOVA, (2) an alternate approach to ANCOVA that uses simultaneous, as well as non-simultaneous, inference techniques, and (3) an example. The use of this approach to analysis of covariance is advocated for situations where it is suspected that dependent measures are a function of some initial aptitude of subjects: when regressions do not satisfy the assumptions of being parallel.     

应用协方差结构方程分析方法验证运动倾向性模型

斯坎伦(Scanlan)等人在过去有关研究的基础上,新提出了一个考察人们持续参加运动动机的理论模型——运动倾向性理论模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加运动的心理状态。该模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。由于“参与选择”难以测量,因此,在国外实际上只验证了4因素的模型。对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测,建立了运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 8分析的结果表明:已被多次验证的4因素结构模型有一定的理论意义,但并不完全符合中国青少年足球运动员样本。     

Dynamics of student interactions: an empirical study of orienteering lessons in physical education

Introduction: Many studies in physical education (PE) have sought to identify and categorize the modes of student interaction in order to gain greater insight into the nature of cooperative activity. More others recent studies have examined how modes of interaction evolve on the basis of the modes of collective activity that they generate. These studies have shown to describe and explain the interactions among individuals and the processes they generate, which then lead to the construction, deconstruction or reconstruction of different interaction modes. Although some studies have sought to describe the dynamics of student interactions, very few have quantified these dynamics. By doing so, however, researchers might gain a new perspective on student interaction modes that inspires new designs for teaching in PE, thereby having professional impact. The present study extends this research by investigating the dynamics of student interaction, with a focus on the emergence of interaction modes during orienteering lessons. For this purpose, the study was conducted within the methodological framework of course of action theory, which is an effective approach for examining activity in natural situations to provide insight into the experience of activity from the actors perspective.

Method: The study was conducted in two classes of seventh-grade students (about 12 years old) in which 16 students volunteered and were available for post-action interviews immediately after the lessons under study. These volunteers were placed in eight affinity-based dyads. The teachers planned orienteering lessons at similar levels of difficulty and duration but modified the lessons across a range of contextual features. Two categories of data were collected: (1) data from audiovisual recordings as the students searched for the checkpoints and (2) verbalization data during the post-action interviews with the students. The data were processed in two steps: one qualitative, the other quantitative. The qualitative step consisted of processing the data of the student experiences to characterize their interactions in the three different contexts. In the quantitative step, the data from the first step were graphically represented to depict the interaction dynamics within the student dyads.

Results and discussion: The qualitative analysis showed the emergence of three modes of student interaction shared across each learning context: co-construction, confrontation and delegation. The quantitative analysis revealed the percentages of the different modes of interaction and therefore characterized the interaction dynamics. Our results showed that the interaction dynamics within the dyads were both unique and similar in the task contexts in terms of both ratios of change and distribution. Results are discussed across two major points of interest: (1) the observation of the same interaction modes whatever the context yet with quite different dynamics and (2) proposals for PE teacher interventions.     

Time course of recovery of vertical jump height and heart rate versus running speed after a 90-km foot race

It is well known that sport and exercise play an important role in stimulating site-specific bone mineral density (BMD). However, what is less well understood is how these benefits dissipate throughout the body. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the BMD (recorded at nine sites throughout the skeleton) of 106 male athletes (from nine sports) with that of 15 male non-exercising age-matched controls. Given that BMD is known to increase with body mass and peak with age, multivariate and univariate analyses of covariance were performed to compare the BMD of the nine sports groups with controls (at all sites) using body mass and age as covariates. Our results confirmed a greater adjusted BMD in the arms of the upper-body athletes, the right arm of racket players and the legs of runners (compared with controls), supporting the site-specific nature (i.e. specific to the externally loaded site) of the bone remodelling response (all P?<0.01). However, evidence that bone mass acquisition is not just site-specific comes from the results of the rugby players, strength athletes, triathletes and racket players. The rugby players' adjusted BMD was the greatest of all sports groups and greater than controls at all nine sites (all P?<0.01), with differences ranging from 8% greater in the left arm to 21% in the lumbar spine. Similarly, the strength athletes' adjusted BMD was superior to that of controls at all sites (P?<0.05) except the legs. The adjusted BMD of the triathletes was significantly greater than that of the controls in both the arms and the legs as well as the thoracic and lumbar spine. The racket players not only had significantly greater right arm BMD compared with the controls but also a greater BMD of the lumbar spine, the pelvis and legs. In contrast, the low-strain, low-impact activities of keep-fit, cycling and rowing failed to benefit BMD compared with the age-matched controls. These results suggest that sporting activities involving high impact, physical contact and/or rotational forces or strains are likely to convey significant benefits not only to the loaded sites, but also to other unloaded peripheral and axial sites throughout the skeleton.     

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2

The purpose of this study was to examine the underlying structure of the second edition of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (Ulrich, 2000 Ulrich, D. A. 2000. Test of gross motor development: Examiner's manual, 2nd, Austin, TX: Pro-.  [Google Scholar]) as applied to Chinese children. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 was administered to 626 Hong Kong Chinese children. The outlier test with standard scoring was utilized. After data screening, a total of 614 cases (N = 614) were used for further analysis. The two-factor structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 was tested using confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation to compute parameter estimates and to select the appropriate item for each factor. The goodness-of-fit indices supported that the model was tenable (goodness-of-fit index = .95, root mean square error of approximation = .06, standardized root mean square residual = .04, comparative-fit index = .97). The findings of this study suggested that the two-factor structure proposed by Ulrich (2000 Ulrich, D. A. 2000. Test of gross motor development: Examiner's manual, 2nd, Austin, TX: Pro-.  [Google Scholar]) fit the data of Hong Kong Chinese children.     

Analysis of football game-related statistics using multivariate techniques

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore football game-related statistics during a competition, using principal component and cluster analyses to determine if it is possible to distinguish the winning teams from the drawing and losing ones. We collected the game-related statistics of the group phase matches of the 2006 World Cup and organised them into a matrix. The principal components of the covariance matrix were calculated. The scores of the first and second components were used to represent the new data, and cluster analysis was applied to separate the elements in two groups (G1 and G2). To analyse the degree of separation between the groups, we calculated the Silhouette Coefficient for each group. Finally, we checked if the winning teams were classified into the same group. The Silhouette Coefficients found for G1 and G2 were 0.54 and 0.55, respectively. Results showed that 70.3% of the winning teams were classified into the same group (G1). Similarly, 67.8% of the drawing and losing teams were classified in G2. This study presented a different way to analyse game-related statistics that allowed the multivariate differences to be shown between successful and unsuccessful teams.     

基于共词分析的我国公共体育服务供给研究述评

以《中国学术期刊（网络版）》数据库收录的我国公共体育服务供给领域文献为研究对象,采用共词分析法,结合Bicomb2.0书目共现分析软件生成共词矩阵,通过Ucinet6.0软件的NetDraw工具绘制高频关键词可视化图谱,分析该领域研究的热点分布;并利用SPSS软件的聚类分析和多维尺度分析对研究热点进行主题分类,共得到4个热点主题群。对热点主题进行分析,总结出我国公共体育服务供给领域研究核心问题及发展现状。     

网球双打团队成员间互动特征的序列分析

采用摄像法、观察记录法和序列分析法,对网球双打比赛环境中的成员间互动特征进行量化分析,探讨双打中团队成员互动与团队绩效的关系。研究结果表明:1)获胜团队的信息交流数量对于失利团队,同时获胜团队的交流模式能够更好地解决问题,在每个得分之间,团队成员可以分享即将进行的计划、经验,能更好地协调赛场条件,最终更好地解决问题。失利团队虽然有情感支持的互动特征,但解决问题的能力低于获胜团队,进而影响了团队表现和绩效。2)团队成员的组队配合时间与比赛绩效成正相关。3)男女性成员互动的模式存在差异:男性互动倾向于任务或工具性领域,女性倾向于社会情感领域。