The Matthew effect in economics reconsidered

We apply the test of Ijiri and Simon (1974) to a large data set of authors in economics. This test has been used by Tol, 2009, Tol, 2013a to identify a (within-author) Matthew effect for authors based on citations. We show that the test is quite sensitive to its underlying assumptions and identifies too often a potential Matthew effect. We propose an alternative test based on the pure form of Gibrat's law. It states that stochastic proportionate citation growth, i.e. independent of its size, leads to a lognormal distribution. By using a one-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test we test for deviations from the lognormal distribution which we interpret as an indication of the Matthew effect. Using our large data set we also explore potential empirical characteristics of economists with a Matthew effect.     

搜索引擎马太效应研究

文章以搜索引擎领域为研究对象,论述搜索引擎领域中的马太效应显现的表现,根据相关数据,从规模效应、齿轮效应、资源效应等反面分析其产生的原因,提出率先进入行业领域,培养核心竞争力,向优秀企业学习等搜索引擎企业应对马太效应的策略。     

我国区域公共图书馆公平与效率的马太效应研究

[目的/意义] 设计同时兼顾公平和效率的协调发展路径,对于我国公共图书馆在“十三五”期间保持区域均等化与效率的协调并重发展具有重要意义。[方法/过程] 首先利用超效率DEA模型测得我国各省份公共图书馆的效率,用财政补贴收入衡量我国区域公共图书馆的公平情况,然后利用Markov链模型考察公平和效率的“马太效应”,探索二者谁应该得到政府的优先调节,最后基于二维矩阵图设计公平与效率协调发展的实施路径。[结果/结论] 我国公共图书馆公平问题的“马太效应”较严重,而效率的“马太效应”则较弱,政府应该重点解决我国公共图书馆存在的“长期不公”问题。具体应精准扶持那些“效率较高、但财政补贴收入不高”的地区。     

艾滋病疫苗专题文献引文特征的可视化分析

以Web of Science的艾滋病疫苗研究文献作为数据来源,利用引文分析可视化软件HistCite,找出代表艾滋病疫苗研究领域发展的重要文献,并分析文献之间引用与被引用关系和引用序列,获得引文编年图谱,梳理出艾滋病疫苗研究领域的发展规律和历史发展轨迹,为国内外相关领域的研究人员提供一定的参考。     

Characterizing in-text citations in scientific articles: A large-scale analysis

We report characteristics of in-text citations in over five million full text articles from two large databases – the PubMed Central Open Access subset and Elsevier journals – as functions of time, textual progression, and scientific field. The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of in-text citations in a detailed way prior to pursuing other studies focused on answering more substantive research questions. As such, we have analyzed in-text citations in several ways and report many findings here. Perhaps most significantly, we find that there are large field-level differences that are reflected in position within the text, citation interval (or reference age), and citation counts of references. In general, the fields of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Life and Earth Sciences, and Physical Sciences and Engineering have similar reference distributions, although they vary in their specifics. The two remaining fields, Mathematics and Computer Science and Social Science and Humanities, have different reference distributions from the other three fields and between themselves. We also show that in all fields the numbers of sentences, references, and in-text mentions per article have increased over time, and that there are field-level and temporal differences in the numbers of in-text mentions per reference. A final finding is that references mentioned only once tend to be much more highly cited than those mentioned multiple times.     

生物医学文献引文在线集成检索整合平台的构建

为解决各引文数据库的检索方法、检索结果展示方式不一、引文著录不规范等问题,解放军医学图书馆采用 NET 框架作为系统的开发平台,采用 C/S 结构模式,在生物医学引文数据库的基础上构建生物医学文献引文集成检索整合平台,实现了统一平台一站式检索、自动去重、自动分组和便捷输出规范的引文报告等个性化功能,提高了生物医学文献查引效率。     

基于Web of Science的藏红花研究引文可视化分析

将藏红花文献导入HistCite软件,分析藏红花研究的时代分布、活跃区域、高产作者、核心期刊等,对藏红花文献生成可视化引文编年图,用Pajek软件将生成的矩阵导入HistCite,描述该领域研究的主要路径,揭示其发展历程。     

Distributions of citations of papers of individual authors publishing in different scientific disciplines: Application of Langmuir-type function

The distribution of cumulative citations L and contributed citations L_f to individual multiauthored papers published by selected authors working in different scientific disciplines is analyzed and discussed using Langmuir-type function: y_n = y₀[1 − αKn/(1 + Kn)], where y_n denotes the total number of normalized cumulative citations l_n* and normalized contributed citations l_nf* received by individual papers of rank n, y₀ is the maximum value of y_n when n = 0, α ≥ 1 is an effectiveness parameter, and K is the Langmuir constant related to the dimensionless differential energy Q = ln(KN_c), with N_c as the number of papers receiving citations. Relationships between the values of the Langmuir constant K of the distribution function, the number N_c of papers of an individual author receiving citations and the effectiveness parameter α of this function, obtained from analysis of the data of rank-size distributions of the authors, are investigated. It was found that: (1) the quantity KN_c obtained from the real citation distribution of papers of various authors working in different disciplines is inversely proportional to (α − 1) with a proportional constant (KN_c)₀ < 1, (2) the relation KN_c = (KN_c)₀/(α − 1) also holds for the citation distribution of journals published in countries of two different groups, investigated earlier (Sangwal, K. (2013). Journal of Informetrics, 7, 487–504), and (3) deviations of the real citation distribution from curves predicted by the Langmuir-type function are associated with changing activity of sources of generation of items (citations).     

The overlooked citations: Investigating the impact of ignoring citations to published patent applications

A utility patent application may result in two citable documents: a published patent application (PPA) and a patent if the application is granted. Most analytic works consider only citations to the patent and ignore those to the PPA. This study gathers more than 270,000 U.S. utility patents granted in 2014 and their PPAs, and compares their citation counts up to 2018. Statistics show that citations to patents, on the average, account for less than 50 % of those to the patents and their PPAs combined together, indicating a significant underestimation to the value or impact of the patents. The degree of depreciation is worse when the time gaps between patents and their PPAs are longer, as the PPAs not only have accumulated citations for a longer period, but also individually, concurrently, and continuously receive citations after the patent is granted. This study further applies Main Path Analysis to a conventional citation network involving only citations to the patents and another network augmented with those to the PPAs, using empirical data from United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Cancer Moonshot Patent Data. The main path derived from the augmented network is almost entirely different from that of the conventional network.     

剖析科技奖励的“马太效应”

用事实型数据进行分析和比较研究,探讨科技奖励中“马太效应”现象的积极作用与消极影响,并就如何 积极引导和发挥科技奖励的激励作用、合理开展科技奖励的评审和发放提出3 条建议：利用“马太效应”的正面作用, 培养创新型科技人才;建立严格规范的监管制度和基于普遍性原则的竞争机制,有效抑制或消融“马太效应”造成的不 公;调整国家级科技人才计划的支持方式,均衡支持各层次和梯度的人才。     

大陆和台湾地区图书馆学期刊引文抽样调查与分析

论文从定量的角度对我国大陆和台湾地区图书馆学期刊的引文进行了抽样调查，分析了两地期刊引文在数量、类型、语种及著录格式等方面的异同。     

从引文分析看档案学与图书馆学、情报学的学科融合

从引文分析的角度,利用档案期刊论文的参考文献来研究档案学借鉴图书情报领域相关知识情况及其随时间变化的发展趋势,同时,对学科交叉部分进行词频分析,把握图情档三学科关注的共同问题。从而体现出信息化战略背景下,档案学的研究对象和研究内容的拓展和延伸。     

Fractional counting of citations in research evaluation: A cross- and interdisciplinary assessment of the Tsinghua University in Beijing

In the case of the scientometric evaluation of multi- or interdisciplinary units one risks to compare apples with oranges: each paper has to be assessed in comparison to an appropriate reference set. We suggest that the set of citing papers can be considered as the relevant representation of the field of impact. In order to normalize for differences in citation behavior among fields, citations can be fractionally counted proportionately to the length of the reference lists in the citing papers. This new method enables us to compare among units with different disciplinary affiliations at the paper level and also to assess the statistical significance of differences among sets. Twenty-seven departments of the Tsinghua University in Beijing are thus compared. Among them, the Department of Chinese Language and Linguistics is upgraded from the 19th to the second position in the ranking. The overall impact of 19 of the 27 departments is not significantly different at the 5% level when thus normalized for different citation potentials.     

Predicting publication long-term impact through a combination of early citations and journal impact factor

The ability to predict the long-term impact of a scientific article soon after its publication is of great value towards accurate assessment of research performance. In this work we test the hypothesis that good predictions of long-term citation counts can be obtained through a combination of a publication's early citations and the impact factor of the hosting journal. The test is performed on a corpus of 123,128 WoS publications authored by Italian scientists, using linear regression models. The average accuracy of the prediction is good for citation time windows above two years, decreases for lowly-cited publications, and varies across disciplines. As expected, the role of the impact factor in the combination becomes negligible after only two years from publication.     

Google Scholar,Web of Science,and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories

Despite citation counts from Google Scholar (GS), Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus being widely consulted by researchers and sometimes used in research evaluations, there is no recent or systematic evidence about the differences between them. In response, this paper investigates 2,448,055 citations to 2299 English-language highly-cited documents from 252 GS subject categories published in 2006, comparing GS, the WoS Core Collection, and Scopus. GS consistently found the largest percentage of citations across all areas (93%–96%), far ahead of Scopus (35%–77%) and WoS (27%–73%). GS found nearly all the WoS (95%) and Scopus (92%) citations. Most citations found only by GS were from non-journal sources (48%–65%), including theses, books, conference papers, and unpublished materials. Many were non-English (19%–38%), and they tended to be much less cited than citing sources that were also in Scopus or WoS. Despite the many unique GS citing sources, Spearman correlations between citation counts in GS and WoS or Scopus are high (0.78-0.99). They are lower in the Humanities, and lower between GS and WoS than between GS and Scopus. The results suggest that in all areas GS citation data is essentially a superset of WoS and Scopus, with substantial extra coverage.     

从引文分析看测绘学教师的文献需求

论文选取168位武汉大学信息学院有关测绘专业的教师为研究对象，对其1994～2003年发表在维普中文科技期刊数据库收录期刊上的1025篇论文中的7228条期刊引文进行了统计和分析，旨在为图书馆文献信息资源建设提供依据．     

“马太效应”对科学成果能见度的影响

马太效应对于科学成果的能见度的作用和影响是深刻而广泛的。文章以中国科学技术信息研究所自行研制的“中国高层次科技人才信息数据库”为基础,分析了材料领域获得国家级奖励的高层次科技人才中,马太效应对其科研成果能见度的影响,得到结论：首先,马太效应对于科学成果的能见度具有普遍性;其次,马太效应对于科学成果能见度的影响存在一个由高峰逐渐衰减的周期过程;最后,马太效应存在两面性,对于科学成果的能见度既有积极作用,又存在消极作用。     

从"马太效应"看图书馆公共信息服务均等化推进

图书馆公共信息服务非均等化问题比较突出,不同地区之间、不同系统之间在基础建设规模、信息技术运用、信息保障能力等方面的差距各异,马太效应加剧了数字鸿沟现象.信息资源管理体制改革、服务水平提升,以及信息产品高效供给机制,是图书馆实现公共信息服务均等化目标的根本措施.     

The superstar phenomenon in the knowledge management and intellectual capital academic discipline

This paper reports on the first documented attempt to investigate the presence of the superstar (or Matthew) effect in the knowledge management and intellectual capital (KM/IC) scholarly discipline. The Yule–Simon model and Lotka's square law were applied to the publication data obtained from 2175 articles from 11 KM/IC journals. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the KM/IC discipline represents a very young, attractive academic field that welcomes contributions from a variety of academics and practitioners. In their paper acceptance decisions, KM/IC journal editors are not biased towards a small group of highly productive researchers, which is a positive sign that the field has been progressing in the right direction. The discipline is driven more by academics than by practitioners, and the distribution of articles is more concentrated among a few academic but not practitioner institutions. It was also observed that the Yule–Simon model and Lotka's square law may produce different distributions with respect to institutions.