Contextual determinants of IT governance mechanism formulation for senior care services in local governments

Recognizing the critical role that information technology (IT) can play for the aging population, local governments tend to take responsibilities for IT-enabled senior care service delivery. Formulating IT governance mechanisms is important for governments to perform their responsibilities and maximize public value. As service arrangers, governments’ actions are affected by complex external environments for legitimacy, which has been largely ignored in the existing studies. By incorporating the strategic and institutional perspectives of legitimacy into Savas’s service delivery structure, this study developed a triadic framework that accounts for different contextual determinants related to the external market environment and the institutional environment to investigate the formulation of IT governance mechanisms. A survey involving 329 town-level governments in Beijing, China, was done to validate our research model. The results illustrate that the demand-supply market forces have direct impacts on IT governance mechanism formulation in local governments. Institutional pressures exert a mediating effect by transiting the supply market force into governments’ actions. Our triadic framework reveals a dynamic service delivery structure, contributing to Savas’s service delivery structure and IT governance research.     

农田灌溉系统治理绩效增进及组态路径——基于多因协同联动的QCA方法

作为中国农村广泛存在的公共设施,农田灌溉系统的有效治理对实现农业可持续发展,促进农业农村现代化具有重要意义。本文运用定性比较分析（QCA）方法探讨了资源禀赋、制度规则、社会文化、社会资本4个因素对农田灌溉系统治理绩效的协同影响,挖掘了农田灌溉系统治理绩效差异化的组态路径。研究发现：①单个独立因素并不能形成高与非高水平的农田灌溉系统治理绩效。②高水平农田灌溉系统治理绩效可归为文化主导下制度与社会资本驱动型、资源主导下文化与社会资本驱动型、制度主导下社会文化驱动型3大类路径;非高水平农田灌溉系统治理绩效有资源-文化抑制型、资源-制度-社会资本抑制型2条路径。③高与非高水平农田灌溉系统治理绩效路径存在非对称关系,不能简单运用高绩效原因的反面解释非高绩效;对比发现社会文化和社会资本对农田灌溉系统治理高与非高绩效的影响更普遍。④高水平农田灌溉系统治理绩效路径中激励制度与约束制度存在替代关系;社会文化、制度规则对资源禀赋存在替代作用,是克服资源禀赋约束,提高治理绩效的可行手段。研究结果不仅为多因素联动影响农村公共事物治理的研究提供新分析思路,还可为促进乡村振兴提供重要理论与实践参考。     

Perceived efficacy and attitudes towards genetic science and science governance

Arguments for public involvement in science and technology are often based on ideas of developing a more capable public and the assumed effects this may have for science. However, such a relationship is yet to be sufficiently explored and recent work indicates that a more involved public may have counterintuitive effects. Using nationally representative survey data for the U.K. and Northern Ireland, the effects of the public's own beliefs about involvement are explored. Developing the concept of "belief in public efficacy," findings suggest those who believe that the public might be able to affect the course of decision making have less approving attitudes towards future applications of genetic science; however, an individual's political efficacy does not significantly influence these attitudes. Furthermore, political efficacy and belief in public efficacy have some distinct and opposing relationships with the principles of governance people prefer. Overall, findings provide support for suggestions that it is simplistic to consider increasing public involvement as a way of increasing the approval of risky new technologies.     

普惠化制度安排、选择性直接支持与企业研发绩效——政府参与的异质性创新治理效应

基于2008—2017年中国A股制造业上市公司数据以及企业所在城市地方政府工作报告的文本分析,考察普惠化制度安排和选择性直接支持对企业研发绩效的影响及其异质性创新治理效应。研究发现：（1）与选择性直接支持相比,普惠化制度安排能够更精准地促进企业高质量研发产出,且其创新促进作用更持久;（2）政府参与创新的两种方式对企业高质量研发产出存在协同促进作用;（3）普惠化制度安排能够缓解不完善的市场化环境对企业研发活动的负面影响,而选择性直接支持的创新促进作用在较高的市场化水平下才能充分实现;（4）普惠化制度安排对不同生命周期企业的研发绩效均有显著促进作用,而选择性直接支持的政策效果在成长期企业中更显著。政府应在进一步优化现有选择性、差异化直接支持政策的同时,更加注重通过功能性、普惠化的制度安排推动国家创新治理体系完善和优化。     

制度压力、网络位置与集群企业电商实践采纳

制度压力下,企业实践是趋同还是趋异？综合复杂制度理论和资源基础理论,以产业集群为背景,以集群企业电商实践采纳为落脚点,理论和实证分析了制度压力和网络中心度对企业电商实践采纳的影响机理。研究发现,制度压力不仅对集群企业电商实践采纳具有显著正向的主效应,同时与网络中心度对集群企业电商采纳行为具有方向不同的交互效应。其中,规制压力下,中心位置的集群企业更倾向采纳;在规范压力之下,边缘位置的集群企业更倾向于采纳。     

重大水资源配置工程网络化治理框架构建

我国重大水资源配置工程具有跨区域分布、点多面广量大、利益相关者多、复杂程度高等情境特征,传统治理理论与手段难以满足实践需求。针对重大水资源配置工程合力困境问题,在借鉴国外重大工程治理经验基础上,根据网络化治理的核心思想,结合委托代理理论、新制度经济学、公共管理理论、协同理论等,从主体维、过程维、对象维提出了重大水资源配置工程网络化治理体系总体框架。在此基础上,讨论多元主体及协同治理结构的构建,以及责权匹配机制、协同联合机制、激励监督机制等复合治理机制的设计。     

制度距离、人才流动模式与人才跨区域流动

人才跨制度环境流动时机会与风险并存，制度环境与人才流动之间的关系可能是复杂、非线性的，并在不同流动模式下表现出复杂的叠加效应。为此从软环境的角度，基于制度理论，将流入地和流出地的制度环境同时纳入分析框架，探索不同人才流动模式下制度距离对流动人才跨区域选址的影响。基于2007—2016年领英（中国）在线公开简历数据进行多值逻辑回归分析，结果显示：顺制度差流动时，制度距离对人才流入的概率呈先抑制后促进的“U”型影响，30岁以上、研究生学历、从事高新技术行业、处于管理岗位、来自东部地区的人才对制度距离的反应最为敏感；反之，逆制度差流动时，制度距离显著抑制个体的流入，特别对30～44岁、研究生学历、从事高新技术行业、处于非管理和技术岗位、来自东部地区的人才影响最为明显。基于实证结果，从营造良好的制度软环境角度给出区域引才政策启示。     

产业集群治理模式及其演化过程研究

对产业集群治理的研究存在结构观、过程观和制度观等,对现有研究进行综述可发现从制度层面对集群治理概念和内部机制进行界定具有最为成熟的理论内核。在此基础上,结合理论演绎和经验归纳两种方法,集群治理模式可被划分为自组织型、中心领导型和多元协作型三种典型的类型。进一步的研究发现,在变化的环境中,微观治理机制与集群交互式创新行为之间存在双向影响的反馈机制,其相互促进和制约的动态适应过程导致了特定产业集群治理模式的演化和发展。     

Technological change and trade unions

Trade union policy with regard to technical and technological change is subject to a number of constraints and dilemmas. From an analysis of a series of case studies, in which a shop stewards' committee of a large chemical company engaged in issues which seemed to be instances of technical innovation, it is concluded that in reality complicated fusions of science, technology and management strategy were at stake. The union was more successful in issues of less far-reaching technological content. Its lack of information and access to higher level managerial strategic decision-making greatly limited its effectiveness. In order for a union to have influence on the direction of technological change, it is necessary for it to advance strategic demands, transcending practical contingencies. If trade unions and other interest groups are to achieve such influence, institutional mechanisms of public control on technological change, in which they can play a part, will have to be established.     

基于情感语义空间的食品安全舆情情感分析

[目的/意义] 区别于单一维度的情感强度测度,基于情感语义空间的食品安全舆情情感分析从立体空间角度探析情感的细粒度表征及情感焦点,对政府及有关部门提升舆情治理水平具有重要意义。[方法/过程] 运用PAD情感模型构建情感语义空间,以2018年食品安全舆情为例,一方面,将情感词映射至情感语义空间,根据位置判别情感词多维情感强度;另一方面,根据情感语义空间的表现形式划分情感层次,探寻不同情感指向特征。[结果/结论] 多维情感语义空间中,食品安全舆情情感的自我认知层愉悦度较高,表明公众认为自身对食品安全有较好的认知;舆情中社会发展和民生民意空间呈现明显的负向情绪,且网民在表达该类情感时的神经生理激活水平较高,应引起政府高度重视。食品安全舆情中的意见领袖对他人情感有较强的影响力,政府应加强与该领域意见领袖的沟通与引导。     

集群企业知识资产治理模式演化研究

集群情境下，创新企业之间出现创新挤出，削弱了集群创新动力，迫使企业只能依靠自身知识资产治理的战略行动来填补制度的失效或缺位。本研究以桐庐制笔产业集群作为研究对象，通过纵向案例研究，探讨集群企业知识资产治理模式的形成及其演化逻辑，研究发现：第一，集群情境所特有的邻近性（包括地理、制度、认知等），使得基于独占性视角的产权制度治理知识资产过程中存在失效或缺位现象，整个集群陷入“近墨者黑”的恶性循环；第二，集群内创新企业通过“连横”“合纵”等制度创业策略，能动性选择、调整或重构集群企业知识资产治理的制度场域边界，推动基于合法性视角的本土化集群企业知识资产治理模式的形成与演化；第三，集群企业知识资产治理模式可分为基于专利法律的独占自治模式、基于社群规范的社群自律模式和基于多元制度的多元共治模式，从动态角度看，知识资产治理模式的形成与演化并非总是沿着同一路径，能动性、本土化成为模式演化的关键。     

制度环境与技术能力对家族企业治理转型的影响研究

代际传承与治理转型是困扰我国家族企业的重大现实难题,也是学术研究的热点。以控制权配置理论为基础,构建博弈模型揭示了法律制度、经理人市场和企业技术能力等因素及其交互作用对家族企业治理模式选择和动态演进的影响机理,并利用中国家族控股上市公司数据进行实证检验。研究发现,宏观层面的法律制度、经理人市场及微观层面的技术能力均对家族企业治理转型进程产生重要影响。具体来讲,家族企业所在地区的投资者保护越完善,经理人市场越发达,创始人家族越倾向将控制权让渡给职业经理人;反之,则更倾向选择子女接班。此外,企业技术生产率越高,家族企业治理转型对制度环境的依赖性越弱,越容易实现由家族治理向职业经理人治理转型。     

Towards model governance in predictive toxicology

Efficient management of toxicity information as an enterprise asset is increasingly important for the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. Many organisations focus on better information organisation and reuse, in an attempt to reduce the costs of testing and manufacturing in the product development phase. Toxicity information is extracted not only from toxicity data but also from predictive models. Accurate and appropriately shared models can bring a number of benefits if we are able to make effective use of existing expertise. Although usage of existing models may provide high-impact insights into the relationships between chemical attributes and specific toxicological effects, they can also be a source of risk for incorrect decisions. Thus, there is a need to provide a framework for efficient model management. To address this gap, this paper introduces a concept of model governance, that is based upon data governance principles. We extend the data governance processes by adding procedures that allow the evaluation of model use and governance for enterprise purposes. The core aspect of model governance is model representation. We propose six rules that form the basis of a model representation schema, called Minimum Information About a QSAR Model Representation (MIAQMR). As a proof-of-concept of our model governance framework we develop a web application called Model and Data Farm (MADFARM), in which models are described by the MIAQMR-ML markup language.     

Facilitating public procurement of innovation in the UK defence and health sectors: Innovation intermediaries as institutional entrepreneurs

This paper investigates how innovation intermediaries promote institutional change to facilitate public procurement of innovation (PPI). Several of the PPI implementation challenges reported in prior research originate in the institutional architecture underpinning demand articulation, and innovation procurement and adoption processes. We conceptualise innovation intermediaries as institutional entrepreneurs who seek to create new institutions or adjust existing ones to support PPI implementation. We report the results of two case studies of intermediaries facilitating PPI in the UK defence and health sectors, respectively. We contribute to PPI intermediation literature by showing that intermediaries address prevalent institutional failures through four types of institutional entrepreneurship activities: boundary spanning; advocacy; design of change; and capacity building. We elucidate, in particular, the role of individuals within intermediaries, as agents who learn about failures and adapt their institutional work over time. In doing so, these managers go beyond the remit and goals of the organisations they represent. The findings add to our understanding of how intermediaries support demand articulation for PPI by showing that their institutional work is also aimed at designing generic methods and processes to improve what is asked for, and how. We furthermore reveal conditions influencing the effectiveness of intermediaries' efforts to realise institutional change, thereby extending research on institutional entrepreneurship in PPI settings.     

公众参与城市水环境治理行为的影响因素——基于北上广三地的调查数据

明确公众参与城市水环境治理行为的影响因素对提高水环境治理绩效具有重要意义。本文基于北京、上海、广州三地2051份公众问卷,运用双栏模型和解释结构模型考察了公众城市水环境治理参与意愿和参与程度的影响因素,探究了公众参与意愿的内在发生机制。结果表明：①北上广三地74.3%的公众有城市水环境治理参与愿意,平均意愿支付水平为12.29元/年;②公众参与城市水环境治理的意愿和程度的影响因素不尽相同,其中公众月均可支配收入、前往城市水环境的频率与在城市水环境内停留时间、城市水环境景观和娱乐价值认知以及城市水环境整体生态状况感知对公众参与程度有显著影响;③公众参与意愿的内在发生机制是深层根源因素（公众受教育程度、年龄和居住地距最近的城市水环境距离）,通过影响中层间接因素（城市水环境整体生态状况感知以及城市水环境生态价值认知）,进而影响直接驱动因素公众环境责任意识,最终影响公众城市水环境治理参与意愿。提出了加大水环境治理宣传力度,制定公众参与治理奖励政策以及完善公众与政府信息交流机制等建议。     

公众参与河长制对河流治理效果的影响——基于江苏、湖北的实证研究

河长制是中国解决复杂河流治理问题的一项重大制度创新,全面推行河长制,使其更好地嵌入于河流治理的结构和过程,是推进河流治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要举措。本文基于江苏省、湖北省677份实地调研问卷,运用Logit模型剖析了农户参与河流治理行为的影响因素,并利用倾向得分匹配模型（PSM）分析了农户作为社会公众,参与河长制对河流生态环境治理效果的影响,比较了在决策、管护、监督3种参与方式下的影响差异。研究结果表明：①农户的综合素质、政府的支持与鼓励以及规章制度和反映渠道的完备程度均显著影响农户参与河流治理;②农户参与河长制将有效提升河流生态环境的治理效果,对提高村庄河流治理水平有显著促进作用;③决策参与、管护参与、监督参与对提升村庄河流治理水平的净效应分别为19.8%、23.7%、31.4%,说明以监督方式参与水环境治理对河长制治理水平的促进作用最明显。本文的研究结论对于重视公众参与力量、完善公众参与制度、构建河流长效治理机制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

The public understanding of nanotechnology in the food domain: the hidden role of views on science, technology, and nature

In spite of great expectations about the potential of nanotechnology, this study shows that people are rather ambiguous and pessimistic about nanotechnology applications in the food domain. Our findings are drawn from a survey of public perceptions about nanotechnology food and nanotechnology food packaging (N = 752). Multinomial logistic regression analyses further reveal that knowledge about food risks and nanotechnology significantly influences people's views about nanotechnology food packaging. However, knowledge variables were unrelated to support for nanofood, suggesting that an increase in people's knowledge might not be sufficient to bridge the gap between the excitement some business leaders in the food sector have and the restraint of the public. Additionally, opposition to nanofood was not related to the use of heuristics but to trust in governmental agencies. Furthermore, the results indicate that public perceptions of nanoscience in the food domain significantly relate to views on science, technology, and nature.     

Controversial medical and agri-food biotechnology: a cultivation analysis

Whether biotechnology is one or several developments is not clear. Once distinctions are required, the question is: Which one prevails? When the good, the bad, and the ugly settle, where do they fall? Evaluation implies distinction, and representation drives attitude. The controversies over biotechnology are fertile ground on which to study these issues. The imports of genetically modified (GM) soya into Europe in 1996-97 and the cloning of Dolly the sheep from adult cells in 1997 changed the symbolic environment for genetic engineering. The ensuing public controversies came to focus mainly on field trials of GM crops and food labeling. This paper will explore the relationship between quality press coverage and public perception, in particular the cultivation of the contrast between "desirable" biomedical (RED) and "undesirable" agri-food (GREEN) biotechnology in Britain. The argument draws on a systematic analysis of the British press coverage of biotechnology from 1973 to 1999 and analysis of public perceptions in 1996 and 1999. The paper concludes that the debate over GM crops and food ingredients fostered the RED-GREEN contrast among the newspaper-reading public, thereby shielding RED biotechnology from public controversy, and ushered in a realignment of the regulatory framework in 2000.     

非营利组织治理及其治理结构研究:一个对比的视角

非营利组织作为一种重要的社会组织类型,其低效率运行一直为学界所责难。本文通过比较非营利组织和营利性组织在行业环境、组织内部、公共关系三个方面的差异,从非营利组织法人属性类别的角度对非营利组织法人进行划分,对比公司治理结构,构建了非营利组织的典型治理结构,分析公司治理结构和非营利组织治理结构之间的区别。认为不一致的剩余索取权和剩余控制权以及多监督主体是非营利组织治理效率低下的根本原因。     

食品安全的“可信性”——基于“公众参与”的分析

长期以来食品安全的"可信性"依靠"科学的"标准,科学变成了决策的依据。但是科学本身的不确定性不但使科学所树立的权威形象难以维持,而且还可能给政治决策带来失误,层出不穷的食品安全问题使科学与政治备受质疑。科学所面临的"可信性"危机使人们开始从科学内部反思科学在解决问题中是否充分。对公众维度的忽视,是问题不能彻底解决的重要原因。具有经验型技能的公众参与科学,不但使公众的参与从口号走向了现实,也使科学从独断走向生活。食品安全的"可信性"是科学、政治、公众三者共同参与的结果,公众的介入使"科学的可信性"更加充分。