知识链合作创新的权力结构与组织行为研究

基于开放式创新的过程管理思想,考虑一个由知识源、知识转移中介、信息服务机构组成的闭环知识链系统,通过构建知识源领导(SL)、知识转移中介领导(OL)与信息服务机构领导(TL)等博弈模型,分析了权力结构对知识供给、转换、反馈等环节的创新绩效的影响。研究表明,掌握领导权可提高组织的知识产出、知识定价与创新利润;在创新绩效表现上,SL模式是分散决策时的最优权力结构;OL与SL模式具有同等的知识创造效率,但OL模式系统利润偏低并存在组织间的利益冲突风险;市场机遇、合作伙伴的创新能力与组织的知识创造效率正相关,弥补知识链成员创新能力的短板是提高系统创新绩效的关键。     

技术转移、新产品开发与企业绩效

本文聚焦中国情境下制造业和高新技术企业的新产品开发过程,研究合作伙伴间两种不同的技术转移方式对技术接受企业绩效的影响,并探索新产品创新性及新产品开发速度在其中扮演的中介作用。同时,引入实际吸收能力作为调节变量,从而构建了本研究理论模型。之后,运用249家企业的调研数据进行模型验证,并采用AMOS和SPSS软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明,相对于技术交流而言,技术转移对新产品开发速度及企业绩效的正向影响均更加显著。相对于技术转移而言,技术交流对新产品创新性的正向影响更加显著。新产品创新性在技术交流与企业绩效之间起中介作用。新产品开发速度在技术转移与企业绩效之间起中介作用。同时,实际吸收能力增强了新产品创新性对技术交流与企业绩效的中介效应。     

技术转移、新产品开发与企业绩效

本文聚焦中国情境下制造业和高新技术企业的新产品开发过程，研究合作伙伴间两种不同的技术转移方式对技术接受企业绩效的影响，并探索新产品创新性及新产品开发速度在其中扮演的中介作用。同时，引入实际吸收能力作为调节变量，从而构建了本研究理论模型。之后，运用249家企业的调研数据进行模型验证，并采用AMOS和SPSS软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明，相对于技术交流而言，技术转移对新产品开发速度及企业绩效的正向影响均更加显著。相对于技术转移而言，技术交流对新产品创新性的正向影响更加显著。新产品创新性在技术交流与企业绩效之间起中介作用。新产品开发速度在技术转移与企业绩效之间起中介作用。同时，实际吸收能力增强了新产品创新性对技术交流与企业绩效的中介效应。     

A data science and open source software approach to analytics for strategic sourcing

Data science has emerged as a significant capability upon which firms compete. Although many data scientists and the high-performing companies that employ them seem to have developed robust methods to employ data sciences practices to achieve competitive advantages, there have been few attempts at defining and explaining how and why data science helps firms to achieve desired outcomes. In this paper, we describe how data science, which combines computer programming, domain knowledge, and analytic skillsets to scientifically extract insights from data, can be used to help meet the growing demand of analytic needs across an organization’s value chain. This is done through the illustration of an applied data science initiative to a strategic sourcing problem via the use of open-source technology. In doing so, we contribute to the growing data science literature by demonstrating the application of unique data science capabilities. Moreover, the paper provides a tutorial on how to use a specific R package along with an actual case in which that package use used.     

Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation

This paper develops a conceptual framework that explores the linkage between the evolution of global production networks (GPN), the role of network flagships in transferring knowledge, and the formation of capabilities by local suppliers. GPN are a major innovation in the organization of international business. These networks combine concentrated dispersion of the value chain across the boundaries of the firm and national borders, with a parallel process of integrating hierarchical layers of network participants. The network flagships transfer both explicit and tacit knowledge to local suppliers through formal and informal mechanisms. This is necessary to upgrade the local suppliers’ technical and managerial skills, so that they can meet the flagships’ specifications. We also examine how GPN can act as mediators in the capability formation of local suppliers.     

The new agricultural research and technology transfer policy agenda

The paper draws upon a national study to analyze two issues relevant to the future effectiveness of the American agricultural technology system: (1) linkages between research and technology transfer activities; and (2) relationships between the public and private sectors. Increased commitments to basic research by the US Department of Agriculture and the state agricultural experiment stations have served to exacerbate existing strains between research and technology transfer functions and units. Both the feasibility and desirability of having USDA's Agricultural Research Service simultaneously seek to strengthen its basic research capabilities and its commitment to technology transfer have been questioned. Within the landgrant universities, multiple pressures have served to attenuate traditional ties among agricultural researchers, extension specialists, and county extension agents.Private sector activity in agricultural research and the provision of technical information has increased following the expansion in the domains of knowledge over which firms can establish property rights and the concentration of production in a smaller number of economic units. Adjustments in the activities of the public sector in response to these changes can be seen. Still, the optimal mix of public-private sector activities in both research and technology transfer has yet to be fully analyzed. Current analyses (and public policy) are excessively constrained by the “property rights” approach to technological change.     

Developing capabilities in new ventures: a knowledge management approach

On the basis of a knowledge management perspective, this paper expands the literature on new ventures’ capabilities by considering how these firms fill knowledge gaps and develop the technological, marketing, management, and ICT capabilities they need to compete. In particular, this paper investigates the role of networks in these dynamics. Although new technology-based firms have great potential to introduce innovative products into the market, they might suffer from more critical knowledge gaps and capability weaknesses than established firms. The results of a quantitative investigation of an original data set of more than 400 Italian new ventures specializing in high-tech industries show that these firms acquire knowledge to support their capability growth mainly through the management of intense relations with multiple external sources of knowledge. In addition, capability development is supported by the variety of founders’ industry experience and the presence of young graduates among the founding team.     

Foreign direct investment and technological capabilities in Brazilian industry

The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to a further understanding of the implications of the growing presence of foreign affiliates for deepening technological capabilities (TCs) in Brazilian industry. It proposes a TC classification that emphasises the distinction between the use and generation of knowledge and presents a methodology for composing TC proxies by means of an innovation survey database. The findings suggest that both foreign and domestics firms have accumulated substantial capabilities for using existing technology, but only shallow capabilities for locally generating technologies. However, foreign affiliates score higher than their local counterparts in more complex capabilities, confirming their centrality in the Brazilian learning system. This gives ground for urging the elaboration of strategic foreign direct investment (FDI) policies that strengthen and deepen local TCs.     

Do subsidiaries of foreign MNEs invest more in R&D than domestic firms?

Despite the growing involvement of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in foreign-based research and development (R&D), there has been little research comparing R&D investments of subsidiaries of foreign MNEs to domestic firms. Subsidiaries of foreign MNEs enjoy advantages that help them compete against domestic firms. However, when deciding on R&D investments, these advantages exert competing influences on their R&D investment decision. On the one hand, better access to and transfer of knowledge and technologies from the MNE and other subsidiaries and centers of excellence may encourage the subsidiary of a foreign MNE to invest less in R&D relative to a domestic firm. On the other hand, better access to sources of capital through the MNE and other subsidiaries may induce the subsidiary to invest more in R&D in comparison to domestic firms. We find that subsidiaries of foreign MNEs invest less in total R&D than domestic firms. The reason is that they invest less in external R&D than domestic firms; however, they have similar internal R&D investments compared to domestic firms. These findings support the notion that the transfer of technology and knowledge from other parts of the MNE acts as a substitute for the purchase of external R&D while internal R&D acts as a complement to the technology and knowledge transferred from other parts of the MNE.     

联盟组合多样性、关系强度与技术标准化能力

利用1999至2013年拥有标准联盟参与经历的170家车辆生产企业的数据,研究标准联盟组合多样性对企业两类技术标准化能力(主导能力、跟随能力)的影响,及关系强度在上述影响中的调节作用。基于负二项随机效应回归模型的实证分析发现：标准联盟组合多样性与企业技术标准化主导能力呈正U型关系,与技术标准化跟随能力呈倒U型关系。在标准联盟组合资源向技术标准化能力转化的过程中,联盟关系强度发挥了显著调节作用：随着关系强度提升,联盟组合多样性与技术标准化主导能力的正U型关系曲线、与技术标准化跟随能力的倒U型关系曲线将变得更为陡峭。     

Technology transfer revisited from the perspective of the knowledge-based economy

This contribution proposes a revised framework for understanding and analyzing the process of technology transfer in the perspective of the knowledge-based economy (KBE). The underlying hypothesis is that the context of the knowledge-based economy introduces a major shift in the way technology transfer is conceived. The traditional model of technology transfer was based on the vision of technology moving from one well-defined economic unit to another well-defined unit. We suggest that in the new perspective technology transfer is essentially considered as a specific knowledge-transfer process that depends on the ways firms and other institutions manage knowledge, in particular the co-evolution of their absorptive capabilities and their knowledge-transmission strategies. To support the theoretical analysis, we analyze the business case of Nortel Networks over the past 50 years.     

知识传导、动态能力与后发企业成长研究——中兴通讯的案例研究

后发企业的动态能力指吸收、转移和整合知识,最终实现知识创造和创新的能力。本研究探讨了知识传导-动态能力-企业成长的逻辑关系,研究认为动态能力是企业成长的动因,知识传导通过动态能力间接作用于企业成长,企业成长体现为企业边界、企业行为、企业结构和企业绩效的成长。最后通过中兴通讯公司的案例研究佐证相关结论。     

企业成长与创新视角下的产业链升级研究

产业链升级是中国企业摆脱跨国公司低端锁定的重要途径。以企业成长与企业创新理论为基础,讨论了企业在不同成长阶段入嵌产业链的程度。研究发现青春期企业创新投入越强入嵌程度越低,吸收能力越强入嵌程度越高。新创期入嵌产业链程度较低,而青春期较高。创新投入与入嵌程度之间关系受到新创期负向调节。同时,吸收能力与入嵌程度之间关系受到新创期的负向调节、青春期的正向调节。研究结论对中国企业产业链升级具有理论贡献与实践启示。     

基于技术转移的企业能力演化过程研究

如何借助技术转移获得技术能力 ,是发展中国家的企业在国际技术转移过程中所面临的主要课题。本文运用企业资源基础理论和演化理论相结合的分析框架 ,从企业资源与能力分析入手 ,通过刻划技术转移过程的学习性质 ,建立起基于技术转移的企业能力演化过程模式 ,以期加深对发展中国家企业从技术引进到能力培育和成长过程的理解 ,进而为我国企业自主能力的形成提供借鉴。     

R&D co-operation and innovation a microeconometric study on French firms

The scope of this paper is to report new empirical evidence on the determinants of R&D co-operation. Indeed, the literature on the capabilities of firms emphasises the role of knowledge in the performance and evolution of firms who use knowledge developed in others to build their own knowledge capital. R&D co-operation between firms is one of the many strategies by which this knowledge may be transmitted. Several theoretical models have stressed that R&D co-operation is more likely when the level of spillovers is high. While this supposition is used in many theoretical models, it has rarely been tested before. Our results do not lend strong support to this intuition. Indeed, our spillover variables (national pure spillovers, national rent spillovers and imports of machine tools), which were supposed to match the theoretical notion of spillovers used in these theoretical models have a positive but not a significant role when explaining R&D co-operation. The R&D co-operation increases with size and with R&D intensity, but not with market share. It also increases with the budget spent on paying license fees and on acquiring patents and labour from foreign firms. In this study, we also analyse the determinants of innovation. In more precise terms, we compare the effects of R&D co-operation to those played by traditional internal factors and those exerted by external, pure and rent spillovers on the innovation capacity of the firms. Our results show that the commercial success of innovations of French firms depends mainly on size, market share, R&D intensity and human capital. Inward FDI from industrialised countries exerts a positive and significant effect. The finding highlights the important role of the absorptive capacity of firms. Spillover measurements, such as the acquisition of machine tools, foreign patents, licenses, and technological opportunities have a positive impact on innovation.     

Spatial collocation and venture capital in the US biotechnology industry

Biotechnology firms operate in a high-risk and high-reward environment and are in a constant race to secure venture capital (VC) funds. Previous contributions to the literature show that the VC firms tend to invest locally in order to monitor their investments and to provide operating assistance to their target firms. Further, biotechnology is a knowledge-based industry that tends to exhibit spatial clusters, and the firms in such industries may collocate to benefit from gaining access to local markets for specialized inputs (e.g., skilled researchers) and from local knowledge spillovers and network externalities. If such gains exist, we expect that the collocated firms should exhibit positively correlated performance, including in their ability to attract venture capital funds. The purpose of this paper is to empirically measure the strength and spatial extent of the relationships among the amount of funds raised by proximate biotechnology firms. We model these relationships with a spatial autoregression (SAR) model, and we control for characteristics of the biotechnology firms and the VC firms that provide their funds as well as site-specific factors. Based on our fitted SAR model, we find that the amount of venture capital raised by a particular biotechnology firm is significantly influenced by the number of VC firms and the VC funding levels raised by biotechnology firms located within a 10-mile radius, but these relationships are not statistically significant beyond this range.     

Types of technology sourcing and innovative capability: An exploratory study of Singapore manufacturing firms

Despite a variety of technology sourcing modes that have been identified in the current literature, the existing studies tend to either focus their analysis on either a single mode of sourcing or on the choice of external and internal sources. This study goes beyond the existing literature by identifying the types of various technology sourcing modes based on factor analysis. It further links the technology sourcing types with the innovative capabilities. Using a survey sample of 109 manufacturing firms in Singapore, we identified four types of technology sourcing: partnership-based; market-based; value-chain-based and internal sourcing, and showed the significant relationships between sourcing types and absorptive capability and competitive environment. The statistical results also showed varying impacts of different sourcing types on firms' innovative capability.     

旗舰企业对本地企业知识转移的影响因素研究——基于全球制造网络的视角

从全球制造网络的视角系统构建了旗舰企业对本地企业知识转移的影响因素框架,丰富了以往对知识转移作用机制的认识。通过105家中国样本企业的实证研究表明:(1)旗舰企业知识转移强度、本地企业吸收能力、知识转移平台障碍是影响知识转移绩效的三个重要因素,其中旗舰企业的知识转移强度在双方知识交流、旗舰企业转移意愿与知识转移绩效间起中介作用;(2)双方联结方式对这三个因素影响知识转移绩效具有调制作用。相对于企业内联结,企业间联结方式下旗舰企业知识转移强度、本地企业吸收能力对知识转移绩效的正向效应减弱,知识转移平台障碍对知识转移绩效的负向效应增强。     

企业创新的外部联系制度的组织与演变——来自英国企业的实证研究/FONT

本文着重研究企业获取与技术创新相关的知识和信息的外部联系制度。以创新系统理论和技术/产品生命周期理论为出发点,研究随着技术/产品生命周期的变化,工业企业创新的外部联系制度所发生的变化。对英国中部的处于技术/产品生命周期的成长期的信息/电子企业以及处于成熟期的汽车制造/工程企业进行了比较研究,发现它们创新的外部联系制度的组织和构成发生了显著变化,如处于成长期的企业对创新的外部联系制度的依赖更大,发生联系的外部知识/信息源的种类更多样化等。同时,两类企业在联系方式、特点以及获取知识的用途等方面也具备一些相似性。     

Technology cross-fertilization and the business model: The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products

This paper investigates the increasing interdependency among different bodies of knowledge in products, from the technology opportunities arising from ‘cross-fertilizing’, and how firms try to appropriate economic value from their technical potential. The study is based on three multi-national corporations, and their integration of information and communication technologies into established mechanical engineering products. The case studies show how technology cross-fertilization needs to be accompanied by business model changes in order to achieve increased economic value. While much attention has been given to the input dimension of multi-technology products, the economic and commercial domains have been rather ignored in previous literature. This work contributes to the management literature by linking the input resources with the market output for creating and appropriating value from technology cross-fertilization.