Schools for the deaf and the No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) emphasizes educational accountability for all students. Twenty-eight states have policies to aggregate student participation and proficiency data for schools for the deaf in NCLB reports. The remaining states account for these students in other ways: referring student data to "sending" schools and aggregating data to the district or state level are most prominent. In reports of student assessment results for academic year 2002-2003, three schools for the deaf made "Adequate Yearly Progress" under NCLB: These schools demonstrated at least a 95% participation rate in assessments, and at least 95% of their students met or surpassed state proficiency benchmarks in reading and mathematics. Proficiency levels for other schools varied by report, but were often comparable to those of students with disabilities. Challenges and strategies for capturing the impact of NCLB accountability policies on deaf students are discussed.     

论英语问题学生对美国NCLB法案实施的挑战

布什总统2002年签署的<不让一个儿童掉队法案>是对1965年<初中等教育法案>最全面的改革,也是其执政期间最为耀眼的政绩之一,但是该法案的实施面临巨大的挑战,而英语问题学生达标是事关法案能否最终实现的关键.其中英语问题学生基础差,学业成绩大面积提高进展缓慢;以英语为考试语言的学科测试无法客观评估学生学业;英语问题学生人员流动性较大,学校面临巨大困惑;学校力不能及的相关因素,如语言学生的差异性,语言学生数量不断增加,NCLB与语言学生自相矛盾等都是该法案实施的瓶颈.美国<不让一个儿童掉队法案>实施中遇到的语言学生挑战对我国热议中的<国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要>的实施具有一定的启示作用.     

A Disability Studies Perspective on the Bush Education Agenda: The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 1

Our educational system is undergoing great scrutiny. The success of our nation's schools and their students is under serious evaluation and interpretation. Currently, one of the most visible and pertinent “political products” impacting our schools and students is the federal legislation No Child Left Behind (2002) Cohen, M. 2002. Implementing Title 1 standards, assessments and accountability: Lessons from the past, challenges for the future. Paper presented at the Thomas B. Fordham Conference: No Child Left Behind: What will it take?. February2002, Washington, DC.  [Google Scholar]. Specific concerns arise around schools' ability to include students with disabilities, among other “disadvantaged groups,” in strategies for academic success. Disability Studies contends that the place and positioning of disability is fundamentally political. This article uses a Disability Studies lens to critique NCLB. The potential benefits, problematic areas, and dangerous aspects to schools, teachers, parents, students with disabilities, and the community at large are presented within this Disability Studies context.     

Dubious Sovereignty: Federal Conditions of Aid and the No Child Left Behind Act

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) represents the greatest extension to date of Federal authority over public school governance. In NCLB, Congress used its conditional spending power to push states and localities into enacting particular kinds of testing and accountability policies. This article places NCLB in the context of Congress's generally increasing willingness to exert itself via conditions attached to federal financial aid. It also analyzes the implications of NCLB for federalism and intergovernmental relationships in education governance.     

从教育蓝图到教育立法--美国《不让一个儿童落后法》评述

本文对美国2002年1月8日生效的《不让一个儿童落后法》的核心内容及主要项目作了简要介绍,并从《NCLB法》增强联邦政府在教育事务中的作用、显示美国基础教育立法的最新发展及凸现美国教育中的存在问题3个角度,对《NCLB》作了意义评析。     

No Child Left Behind: Implications for college student learning

What does No Child Left Behind (NCLB) have to do with higher education? Turns out plenty, according to Teniell L. Trolian and Kristin S. Fouts. They argue that NCLB has signifcant consequences for college learners.     

No Child Left Behind and the Denigration of Race

Race is the social expression of power and privilege, and new racial configurations take shape in conjuction with alterations in the political economy of American society. This article examines the relationship of educational policy to the emergence of a new conception of racism that has appeared in the post-civil rights era: colorblind racism. Colorblind policies are championed as fair and just, congruent with the egalitarian aspirations of the Civil Rights Movement that culminated in the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. In rendering invisible the salience of race, the goal of colorblindness is to make advantage appear as a logical consequence of the natural order of things. The non-recognition of race as a form of political power tacitly enables the colorblind ideal to steer education policy toward the reinforcement of the dominant culture as the norm and the maintenance of hegemonic social arrangements. The insinuation of colorblindness into the culture of educational policymaking, and of No Child Left Behind in particular, suggests that substantive educational restructuring may not be part of the nation's racial agenda.     

Reliability of No Child Left Behind Accountability Designs

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires states to establish accountability systems that are both valid and reliable. If one follows the language of the law literally, there is no design that will meet both requirements. If one interprets the law more flexibly, it is possible to create such a design. States will need to approach the problem carefully if they are going to appropriately balance the various probabilities of making incorrect decisions about schools.     

What Is Measured Is Treasured: The Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on Nonassessed Subjects

In this article, the author reports the results of a national survey taken by state assessment directors on the impact of No Child Left Behind on nonassessed subjects between the years 2001-5. Results indicate that during this time, statewide assessment of science and writing increased whereas it decreased in the social studies, arts and humanities, listening, and technology and computers. Four themes emerged when survey takers queried participants about the impact of No Child Left Behind on nonassessed subject areas. First, reduction of resources and time for nontested subject areas was evident. Second, curriculum integration of nontested subject areas into the tested subjects increased. Third, alignment of curriculum and assessment with state standards increased. Fourth, several state assessment directors relayed they observed no impact.     

回顾与调整--美国"不让一个儿童落伍"(NCLB)法令的现状

实行两年的“不让一个儿童落伍”法令(NCLB：No Child Left Behind)已经给美国教育造成深刻影响。从对该法令在实施中取得的进展，以及在高资教师、年度进步、资源配置等方面出现的问题和调整进行初步总结和评价中，希望能给我国当前课程改革提供一些启发。     

NCLB法案实施四年来美国公立学校的变化——来自美国教育政策中心的报告

《不让一个孩子掉队》(NCLB)法案到2006年为止已经实施了4年,在这4年中美国的公立教育发生了很大变化,同时NCLB法案也一直受到各界的质疑与非议.美国教育政策中心最近发布了一份报告,总结了NCLB法案实施4年来对公立学校的10大影响,比较全面真实地反映了美国公立学校的情况与问题.     

从奥巴马政府修订NCLB法看美国教育均衡发展

2010年3月以来,奥巴马政府着手修订《不让一个孩子掉队》法,提出了一系列均衡发展美国教育的措施。这些措施既源自美国民众对教育均衡发展始终如一的追求,是美国政府因势利导的政策选择,又源自《不让一个孩子掉队》法没有完成既定目标,各州教育标准低下,教育差距在拉大,以及美国民主党的教育理念等。因此,推进教育均衡发展不仅应该有切实可行的目标,还要根据实际情况优先实施关键措施,缩减贫困地区学校班额,并为均衡发展教育提供持续的经费支持。     

美国LEP学生英语教育政策探析——以《双语教育法》和《不让一个孩子掉队法》为例

美国是一个移民国家,美国学校中有许多LEP学生,美国联邦政府为了处理LEP学生的英语教育问题而制定了一些相关的隐性的语言教育政策.这些英语教育政策主要体现在<双语教育法>和<不让一个孩子掉队法>中,对这两部法中LEP学生的英语教育政策的对比研究可以使我们更清楚地看透美国联邦政府英语教育政策的变化和宗旨,这对我国的汉语母语教育政策的制定和修改具有参考意义.     

Improving teacher quality: lessons from America's No Child Left Behind

How developed countries train, recruit and retain their schoolteachers is an area of considerable interest in education today. In this paper we consider how the US is addressing the issue of teacher quality by holding schools and school districts accountable for ensuring that all teachers of core subjects are ‘highly qualified’ by the end of the 2005–2006 school year. Part of the hugely important No Child Left Behind Act, this ‘highly qualified’ teacher requirement links billions of dollars of Federal funding to ensuring that schools and school districts develop strategies to meet these targets. We consider how successful this policy has been in two case study states: Wisconsin and California. What emerges is a mandate for change which emphasizes teachers' content knowledge over pedagogic skills, which reveals discrepancies in the certification, training and administration of the profession across different states, and which sharply reminds us of the difficulties faced by even the apparently simple policy of requiring high quality teachers by law.     

Raising standards in American schools: the case of No Child Left Behind

In January 2002, President George W. Bush signed into law what is arguably the most important piece of US educational legislation for the past 35 years. For the first time, Public Law 107–110 links high stakes testing with strict accountability measures designed to ensure that, at least in schools that receive government funding, no child is left behind. The appropriately named No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) links government funding to strict improvement policies for America's public schools. Much of what is undertaken in NCLB is praiseworthy, the Act is essentially equitable for it ensures that schools pay due regard to the progress of those sections of the school population who have traditionally done less well in school, in particular, students from economically disadvantaged homes, as well as those from ethnic minority backgrounds and those who have limited proficiency to speak English. However, this seemingly salutatory aspect of the Act is also the one that has raised the most objections. This paper describes the key features of this important piece of legislation before outlining why it is that a seemingly equitable Act has produced so much consternation in US education circles. Through an exploration of school level data for the state of New Jersey, the paper considers the extent to which these concerns have been justified during the early days of No Child Left Behind.     

What Does the No Child Left Behind Act Mean to Early Childhood Teacher Educators?: A Call for a Collective Professional Rejoinder

This article is a call to become more critically aware of the new law commonly referred to as No Child Left Behind Act, which was put into effect in 2002 in the United States. The article is also an invitation to early childhood educators worldwide to engage in a dialogue that raises several questions: (a) How does such legislation affect early childhood educators and teacher preparation programs?; (b) How might teacher educators react and respond to the new law as they continuously practice informed decision-making about teacher preparation that is socially responsible? In view of these questions, it is a hope that we can see the initiation of nationwide dialogue regarding the issue of the No Child Left Behind Act. Primarily, how does the new law affect teacher educators and teachers? It is inevitable for us to be united and politically informed to prevent further scrutiny of questionable politically and economically driven educational practices in the United States, not to mention “test-heavy” evidence-based education reform.     

高质量的教师=高质量的教学?--《不让一个儿童落后法》实施两年后的一个质疑

《不让一个儿童落后法》有一个承诺和理想是:推动学校建立和拥有一支高质量的教师队伍,使所有的学生都能受教于合格的教师。然而两年已然而逝,理想与现实之间的差距却依然刺目。美国一些教育学者在深入地反思与审视中逐渐发现,该法案对美国“提高教师质量”的改革行动出现了误导。