Exploring the Co‐Development of Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study

This study explores the co‐development of two related but separate reading skills, reading fluency and reading comprehension, across Grades 1–4. A bivariate biometric dual change score model was applied to longitudinal data collected from 1,784 twin pairs between the ages of 6 and 10 years. Grade 1 skills were influenced by highly overlapping genetic and environmental factors. Growth in both skills was influenced by highly overlapping shared environmental factors. Cross‐lagged parameters indicated bidirectional effects, with stronger effects from fluency to comprehension change than from comprehension to fluency change.     

Reading Recovery: Exploring the Effects on First-Graders' Reading Motivation and Achievement

ABSTRACT

This study examined the effects of Reading Recovery on children's motivational levels, and how motivation may contribute to the effect of the intervention on literacy achievement. Prior studies concluded that Reading Recovery was positively associated with increased student motivation levels, but most of those studies were limited methodologically. The achievement and motivation levels before and after the intervention of Reading Recovery students and similarly low-performing first-grade students were compared using structural equation modeling. It was found that Reading Recovery had a .31 treatment effect on achievement after controlling for baseline achievement and motivational differences among the treatment and comparison students. Reading Recovery also was associated with greater average levels of posttest motivation, and motivation was found to mediate the treatment-achievement relationship. This study highlights how important it is for early reading interventions to consider the role motivation plays in literacy acquisition.     

A Longitudinal Study of Visual Perceptual Training and Reading Achievement

Abstract

The authors lamemt the fact that there does not seem to be much agreement as to the proper method of scoring tests The use of the scoring formula is advocated by some and criticized by others. Literature is reviewed showing that the basic assumptions behind the scoring formula (namely that all wrong answers are due to chance guessing) are false. Arguments are presented for and against the continued use of the formula, with the conclusion that its use cannot be justified. A new aspect of this question, that use of the formula may create behavior patterns detrimental to ingenuity and creativity, is also presented.     

学业测试阅读项目的真实性刍议

真实性是交际语言测试面临的最重要的问题之一。引述有关现代测试理论对真实性的论述以及对阅读测试的要求,然后对一份英语学业测试卷阅读项目进行相关分析和对比研究。通过与理论标准的对照。求证这份试卷的真实性程度,以达到发现差距、缩小差距,对测试的科学性和客观性进行有益探索的目的。     

Reciprocal Effects between Reading Achievement and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reading Motivation

ABSTRACT

Research on reading achievement and reading motivation has rarely addressed the question if and how they affect each other over time. In our study, we investigate the reciprocal effects between reading achievement and both intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation during elementary school. We measured reading achievement and intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation in 966 students at 3 points of measurement during 3rd and 4th grade. Consistent with previous research, cross-lagged panel analyses revealed positive reciprocal effects between reading achievement and intrinsic reading motivation. Effects of reading achievement on intrinsic reading motivation were found during Grades 3 and 4, whereas effects of intrinsic motivation were limited to Grade 3. No reciprocal effects between reading achievement and extrinsic reading motivation were found. We discuss the implications of our results for daily teaching practices and effective reading instruction.     

Teacher Professional Development and Student Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects

Abstract

Research-based instruction is necessary to support students’ reading development, and professional development (PD) is a critical avenue to ensuring high-quality instructional practices. To date, there has been no comprehensive review focused on the effects of teacher PD on student reading achievement. As such, the purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the impact of teacher PD on reading outcomes for students in kindergarten through 8th grade. A secondary aim was to determine whether study, program, or participant characteristics were potential moderators of these effects. A comprehensive search of published and unpublished research between 1975 and 2017 resulted in 28 studies that met prescribed criteria. Results indicate that teacher PD has a moderate and significant, positive average effect on reading achievement. However, moderator analyses did not explain the variance in the effects of PD on student outcomes. Primarily, studies represented typically-developing students in the elementary grades, with only three studies including middle school students and four studies including reading outcomes of students with or at-risk for reading disabilities. Recommendations for improved study designs that allow for more in-depth investigation of the characteristics of effective PD and mechanisms of change in student outcomes are discussed.     

Phrase Reading Training and Reading Achievement

This study examined the independent and interactive effects of supplement format (knowledge map vs. text vs. no supplement) and strategy (cooperative learning vs. cooperative teaching vs. individual study) on learning. After training and practice sessions, subjects studied a science and math passage over which they were tested. Two individual difference measures were also taken and combined into a general ability score. Repeated-measures analysis of variance of the recall variables indicated that (a) high ability subjects outperformed low ability subjects, and (b) cooperative learning with map supplements had a mutually facilitative effect on the low ability subjects’ recall.     

Measured Environmental Influences on Early Reading: Evidence From an Adoption Study

Many studies have examined the relationship between environmental processes and literacy outcomes. However, nearly all of this research has examined biologically related family members living together, thus confounding genetic and environmental influences. The purpose of this study was to address this issue using a sample of 262 adopted children and their families. Children were assessed in their homes on a 90-min battery of reading-related outcome measures. Parents reported on their educational attitudes, book reading practices, levels of involvement in homework, and their children's interest in reading-related activities. Multilevel modeling results suggest that aspects of the family environment were associated with child reading-related outcomes, a finding that cannot be attributed to shared genes between parents and their children.     

教学策略对八年级学生阅读成绩的影响:阅读兴趣的中介作用

为了解新课改背景下以“自主、合作、探究”理念为指导的教学策略对学生阅读成绩的影响作用,对我国中部某省八年级学生感知到的教学策略、阅读兴趣、阅读成绩进行调查。研究发现:教学策略对学生阅读成绩具有正向的预测作用;学生的阅读兴趣在教学策略与学生阅读成绩的关系间发挥部分中介作用。这在一定程度上证明了“自主、合作、探究”新课改理念指导下课堂教学的科学性与合理性。未来,课程教学改革需进一步落实“自主、合作、探究”的理念,重视不同内容领域的阅读,凸显教学内容的跨学科性,充分调动学生的阅读兴趣,有效创设能够激发学生阅读兴趣的阅读情境。     

A Two-Year Study of the Reading Achievement of Children Who Were Reading When They Entered First Grade

Abstract

Eighty-six residence hall upperclassmen and one hundred fraternity upperclassmen were compared in the areas of college ability, achievement, and attitudes; values utilizing college records, and the College Student Questionnaire. Findings revealed significant differences for the residence hall group in the areas of social conscience, satisfaction with major, and peer independence (p < .05) and for the fraternity sample in the area of extracurricular involvement (p < .01). No significant differences were found in either college ability or achievement. Analysis of other demographic data revealed significant differences in the areas of dating behavior and financial support. Findings indicate no lasting effect on overall college achievement by fraternities and cast some doubt on their selection procedures. Attraction of fraternity members who possess a strong need to belong and pressures for conformity in choice of majors by the fraternities was also in evidence.     

The Temporal-Interactive Influence of Reading Achievement and Reading Attitude

Although the relationship between attitudes toward reading and reading achievement has been well documented, the causal relationship between these constructs remains unclear.Using longitudinal covariance structure modeling, this study tested the hypothesis that 3 reading-related constructs in the primary grades (2nd-3rd grade) – reading attitude, behavior, and achievement – would predict reading achievement in the 7th grade. Results showed that primary attitude was not correlated with primary achievement yet both had causal paths to 7th-grade achievement, described as a “temporal-interaction” model. The resulting model suggests that while reading attitude and achievement may appear unrelated at the early stages of reading they become more closely linked over time, developing into important causal determinants of reading achievement by early adolescence.     

学业成就动机、阅读教学及其对学生阅读成绩的影响:基于PISA 2018的中芬比较研究

基于PISA 2018数据,对中国四省市和芬兰学生的学业成就动机、阅读教学感知进行比较分析.结果发现:就学业成就动机而言,虽然中国学生的动机指数显著高于芬兰学生,但芬兰学生的动机结构更优;就阅读教学而言,中国学生感知到的课堂环境更为积极;在动机方面,中国学生的阅读成绩主要靠学业竞争型动机驱动,芬兰学生则主要受任务掌握型动机影响;在教学方面,不同教学指标对两地学生阅读成绩的影响趋势相同,认知激活策略运用对中国学生的阅读成绩影响最大,教师适应性教学则对芬兰学生的阅读成绩影响最明显.为提高我国学生的阅读素养,教育行政部门、学校和教师可以尝试从以下方面着手:充分了解学生的学习心理,优化其学业成就动机结构;进一步深化语文课程改革,探索有效的阅读教学方式;继续促进教育公平,关注处境不利学生与男生的阅读水平.     

阅读对写作意味着什么——语文阅读水平、阅读投入对写作成绩影响的实证研究

阅读与写作之间关系密切,但目前国内相关研究多数停留在感性经验或理论思辨层面。研究以Z地区八年级46646名学生为研究对象,分析不同阅读能力水平、阅读投入程度与学生写作成绩之间的关系。研究发现:其一,学生阅读能力与写作成绩存在显著的正相关,与较低层次阅读能力相比,较高层次阅读能力对写作成绩的预测作用往往更加明显,与阅读高分组学生相比,高层次阅读能力对阅读低分组学生写作成绩具有更好的预测作用;其二,学生阅读兴趣、策略与习惯等内在因素对其写作成绩的影响作用比阅读数量、阅读时间等外在因素更为显著;其三,网上阅读方式与阅读多样性对写作成绩影响甚微,甚至产生负向影响。基于此,教师在读写教学实践中应进一步提升读写整合意识,加强对学生读写分层指导与内容选择,培养学生良好的读写策略。     

外语阅读焦虑与阅读成绩的关系

为了研究外语阅读焦虑与阅读成绩的关系,利用外语阅读焦虑量表,对随机抽查的150名英语专业的大学生进行测试,并就阅读焦虑与阅读课程成绩和阅读理解成绩进行研究。结果表明：同非英语专业学生一样,英语专业学生普遍存在英语阅读焦虑;英语阅读焦虑与英语阅读学业成绩及阅读理解回顾成绩之间存在显著性负相关,阅读焦虑与阅读理解多项选择成绩之间没有显著性负相关关系。     

Reading Achievement in the Middle School Years: A Study Investigating Growth Patterns by High Incidence Disability

Numerous research studies (e.g., Anderson, Kutash, &; Duchnowski, 2001; Lane, Carter, Pierson, &; Glaeser, 2006 Lane, K. L., Carter, E. W., Pierson, M. R., &; Glaeser, B. C. (2006). Academic, social and behavioral characteristics of high school students with emotional disturbances or learning disabilities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 14, 108–117. doi:10.1177/10634266060140020101[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Volpe, Dupaul, Jitendra, &; Tresco, 2009 Volpe, R. J., Dupaul, G. J., Jitendra, A. K., &; Tresco, K. E. (2009). Consultation-based academic interventions for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects on reading and mathematics outcomes at 1-year follow-up. School Psychology Review, 38, 5–13.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Wei, Blackorby, &; Schiller, 2011 Wei, X., Blackorby, J., &; Schiller, E. (2011). Growth in reading achievement of students with disabilities, age 7 to 17. Exceptional Children, 78, 89–106.[Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) have shown that students with disabilities generally exhibit lower reading scores than their peers without disabilities. However, questions remain about the possibility of longitudinal differences among high-incidence disability classifications (e.g., speech/language impairments, SLI; emotional disturbances, ED; learning disabilities, LD; and attention deficit disorders, ADD). This study investigated growth patterns in reading achievement among middle school students from 5th to 8th grade with different high incidence disability classifications on one state's high-stakes assessment. After a repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc testing, results reveal that students identified as LD and SLI evidenced more growth in reading than those classified as either ADD or ED. In light of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 legislation, findings about the various growth patterns are discussed with respect to policy, measurement, and practical implications.     

关于一份非英语专业阅读课成就试卷的分析

文章结合现代测试理论和相关评估标准,对一份大学一年级学生使用的教师自制期末英语阅读课成就试卷进行了调查分析。通过被试学生考试分数的详细描述和对比研究,得出结论:该试卷在框架设计,组成元素,难度系数,相关系数等方面还存有缺陷。为了更加准确的反映教学实际效果并发挥语言测试的积极反拨作用,笔者提出自己的一些看法,希望教师在今后研发试卷过程中能够保证试题较高的信度和效度。     

A Comparative Study of Three Tests of Intellectual Potential,Three Tests of Reading Achievement,and the Discrepancy Scores between Potential and Achievement

Abstract

The purposes of this study were: (a) to check the validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Ammons (1) Quick Test (QT) against the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC); (b) to examine the interrelationship of scores on the Gray Oral Reading Test, Spache’s Diagnostic Reading Scales, and an informal reading inventory; and (c) to examine the consistency of discrepancy scores used to classify students as non-disabled, disabled, and seriously disabled readers. It was found that both the PPVT and the QT were significantly related to the WISC, but some group comparisons and many individual scores varied greatly. The tests of reading performance were also highly vulnerable. Therefore, the discrepancy scores between potential and performance, as measured by these instruments, were not consistent. The authors submit that the whole idea of assigning students to various types of reading programs on the basis of their discrepancy scores is open to serious question.     

Summer Reading and the Ethnic Achievement Gap

A number of studies have shown that low-income and minority students undergo larger summer reading losses than their middle-class and White classmates, and that reading is the only activity that is consistently related to summer learning. The purpose of this study was to explore whether reading books during summer vacation improved fall reading proficiency, and whether access to books increased the volume of summer reading. The results from the multivariate regression analyses suggest that the effect of reading 4 to 5 books on fall reading scores is potentially large enough to prevent a decline in reading achievement scores from the spring to the fall. Furthermore, children who reported easy access to books also read more books. The findings have implications for designing school-based summer reading programs and for conducting future experiments that confirm the correlational findings from this study.     

Student Background and Teacher Effects on Achievement and Attainment in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study

In this article, we have studied the effect of student social background, classroom social context, classroom organisation, and teacher behaviours on mathematics achievement and attainment ill English and Welsh primary schools. Data were collected over 2 years as part of a programme evaluation, for which we observed 138 teachers and tested and collected background data on over 3,000 students. Results were analysed using multilevel modeling, and point to the importance of student background and teacher behaviours to achievement and attainment. The implications of these findings are explored.