Epidemiology of child homicide in Jefferson County, Alabama

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to present the epidemiology of homicide among children younger than 6 years of age in Jefferson County, Alabama. This study focused on obtaining great detail on homicides and suspicious deaths occurring within a fixed population. METHODS: For purposes of this study, cases included Jefferson County deaths attributed to "homicide" or that were "undetermined" as noted in the coroner files among children younger than 6 years of age who were born and died between January 1, 1988 and December, 31, 1998. Victim and offender characteristics were obtained from the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner Office records. Environmental factors and circumstances surrounding the death were noted as well. RESULTS: The 53 study subjects were mainly female (55%), Black (69%), younger than 2 years of age (85%), had single mothers (38%), and a history of abuse (53%). Offenders were more likely to be male (64%), Black (73%), and a parent of the victim (53%). Homicides primarily resulted from an angry impulse (61%), with hands the most common weapon (61%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of deaths in this study occurred among children younger than age 2, with a high proportion of fatalities among Black children of unmarried mothers. The offender most often knew the victim, with half of all homicides and two-thirds of all infant homicides involving a parent. More than half of the homicides resulted from an angry impulse, while the most common scenario for deaths with undetermined intent involved the caretaker finding the child unresponsive.     

School Board Leadership and Policymaking in Changing Political Environments

As the demographic make-up of public schools (and neighborhoods) shift and schools become increasingly segregated, the role of school boards becomes critically important in maintaining policies designed to remedy segregation and promote equal opportunity, policies which may challenge the status quo. Specifically, in school districts and communities where politics are fluctuating, longstanding diversity policies that have assisted in creating integrated learning environments can be overturned by a single school board election. Further, as suburbanization within countywide school districts creates distinct enclaves—where student populations are significantly whiter and more affluent than the district as a whole and political fragmentation is perpetuated—school board members representing elite enclaves may be less supportive of policies that would lessen the privilege of these residents. This paper explores school board leadership and policymaking in two Southern school districts where politics are currently in flux: Jefferson County (Louisville), Kentucky and Wake County (Raleigh), North Carolina. Specifically, we seek to: (1) understand how demographic change—particularly the creation of suburban enclaves—influences public support for and implementation of integration policies; (2) examine the politics of diversity in a larger environment skeptical of race-conscious policies; and (3) analyze local policymaking and leadership.     

宪政与民主的调和与共容——杰斐逊的宪政民主理论体系初探

杰斐逊的政治思想包含宪政与民主两个要素,并试图在两者之间达成调和,使其共容在一个体系内,这对后来美国宪政民主理论的形成产生了重大的影响。杰斐逊不但主张人民主权,重视多数原则,而且承认代议制、分权制衡以及少数权利原则。正是在调和民主原则和宪政原则的基础上,杰斐逊建立起宪政民主的理论体系。     

理想与现实:杰斐逊的外交思想与外交实践

作为开国元勋的托马斯·杰斐逊在美国早期的外交活动中发挥了重要作用。他的外交思想极具理想主义色彩,又富于现实主义精神,为美国外交开创了独特的风格。     

Jefferson's other

This essay investigates how various representations of the public memory of Thomas Jefferson function rhetorically. Curiously, such representations depict a past for which no certain record exists. The portrayal of Jefferson's alleged affair with Sally Hemings in novels, films, and other discourses demonstrates that the rhetoric of public memory, which preserves the relevance and utility of the past for audiences in the present, is often sustained, not by a transparent or even plausible understanding of former persons and events, but by profound and potentially irresolvable confusions over the relationship between what is commemorated and those doing the commemorating. The essay scrutinizes how three different forms of rhetoric respond to such confusion by fashioning memories of Jefferson that reflect contemporary desires to explain the mysteries of his enigmatic past. Consequently, the essay argues that the contemporary public memory of Jefferson is defined by a discursive haunting of his official reputation in which various ghostly counterparts are said to represent what the official record can only suggest.     

自然人性的光辉--《八月之光》中琳娜的原始性存在

小说《八月之光》中的琳娜是一个饱含原始性的隐喻符号.福克纳通过对意象来源进行解释,对琳娜的生活环境、服饰以及她与自然的和谐关系进行描绘,从静态层面上塑造了琳娜的原始性存在;通过琳娜的杰弗逊寻夫之行,福克纳把琳娜的自然人性与南方文化中具有代表性的异化人性进行对比,从动态层面上刻画了琳娜的原始性存在.《八月之光》中的琳娜展现了自然人性的光辉,她的原始性存在不仅体现了作者保守主义的创作思想,而且表达了作者对南方以及整个人类社会的反思与批判.     

双重遗产:托马斯·杰斐逊的新闻思想

托马斯·杰斐逊有“新闻自由之父”的美誉 ,但通过对其文件与书信的研究当能发现 :他的新闻思想中存在着三重矛盾 ,即 :绝对自由与相对自由的矛盾 ;反映舆论与操纵舆论的矛盾 ;宽容诽谤与惩治诽谤的矛盾。这不仅是他个人的矛盾、时代的矛盾 ,也是自由主义本身的矛盾。矛盾的思想使他留给后世一个双重的思想遗产 ,这反而是他思想的深邃之处     

Reviews

Teachers as readers
The Uses of Fiction.
Douglas Jefferson & Graham Martin (eds.).
DahrendorPs parting gift
On Britain
Ralf Dahrendorf. BBC Publications     

The Magellan project: Developing global citizens through independent study abroad

Washington & Jefferson College undergraduate Magellan Scholars explore the world on their own. Tori Haring‐Smith describes this unique program and explains why it offers so much more than a traditional study abroad experience.     

美国社区学院课程设置特点及其基本理念

本文选择四所有代表性的美国社区学院:迈阿密一戴德社区学院、中密执根社区学院、德拉维尔社区学院和杰斐逊社区学院,就其课程设置特点进行探讨,并在更深层次上就课程设置的理念进行分析.     

A system of education,not just a university: Thomas Jefferson’s philosophy of education

Because of the political reforms demanded by his political philosophy, Jefferson was always focused on instantiating a system of education to edify all persons according to their needs and to prevent those governing at every level from lusting after power and fame instead of governing in pursuance of the interests of the general citizenry. That notion of a system of education—offering a basic education for all citizens and high-lever education and access to it for the intellectually and morally elite—at the time would have been unique to Virginia and it showed the extent to which Jefferson recognized both the political ills of his day and that those political ills could only be remedied through educational reform. This paper is a critical analysis of that system of education, from ward schools to the University of Virginia.     

华盛顿·杰斐逊学院教师评价系统探析

美国是高等教育大众化的先行国家,解析美国华盛顿.杰斐逊学院教师评价系统的内容、程序、方法、组织设置、质量保障体系等,可以发现华盛顿.杰斐逊学院的教师评价系统是基于学校定位、教师发展需要、学生立场、被评价者的尊严、制度公正而设计的教师评价制度,可以为我国高校的教师评价系统的改革和发展开辟新的研究视野。     

平等权与财产权的矛盾——试析杰斐逊用“追求幸福权”代替“财产权”的原因

托马斯.杰斐逊在《独立宣言》中用"追求幸福权"代替"财产权",其真正用意何在?笔者认为主要是为了化解其心中平等与财产所导致的不平等及平等与黑奴这一特殊财产之间的两组矛盾,为以后的改革埋下伏笔。     

美国两党制的产生

美利坚合众国成立后，面临着财政和外交的双重困难，在如何解决这些问题上，财政部长汉密尔顿和国务卿杰弗逊发生了很大的分歧，最终导致了党派的分裂及两党的形成。     

爱米莉的悲剧成因——评福克纳的小说《献给爱米莉的玫瑰》

福克纳短篇小说《献给爱米莉的玫瑰》的女主人公爱米莉是一个耐人寻味的悲剧形象。父亲的专制，杰弗逊小镇的保守，矛盾，以及时代的错位造就了爱米莉的畸变以及死亡。     

论威尔逊主义及其影响

自1913年伍德罗·威尔逊就任美国第28届总统以来,威尔逊主义的思想理论基础逐渐成熟.威尔逊主要是把自杰斐逊以来的美国传统思想加以归纳,形成了以美国利益至上的"拯救世界"为目标的意识形态,并以此作为对外政策的基础.威尔逊主义对以后美国历代领导人的外交政策产生了重要的影响.     

玫瑰园中的影子——论《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》中玫瑰的寓意

福克纳的短篇小说《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》向读者呈现了爱米丽小姐充满悲剧性的人生,而玫瑰花在小说中的寓意恰与爱米丽人物境遇的悲剧色彩相吻合,象征了爱米丽的悲剧人生。文章从分析爱米丽的女性形象入手,探求该人物的悲剧色彩,解析它所体现出的女性意识,并且分析杰弗生镇的人们对爱米丽的态度,从以上三方面探求玫瑰的意象在小说中的寓意。     

论杰斐逊“立体制衡”分权思想理论来源

托马斯·杰斐逊是分权思想的集大成者,其思想呈现出＂立体制衡＂的特点。这种近似完美的思想之所以为世人所瞩目,为很多政治家和思想家所推崇,这是因为在理论上它吸收了古代分权思想的有效成分,更是继承了近代欧洲思想家们的分权理论的精髓。     

Jefferson's First Declaration of Independence: A Summary View of the Rights of British America Revisited

This essay examines Jefferson's Summary View of the Rights of British America as evidence of his craft as a storyteller. Specifically, I argue that Jefferson deploys a series of narrative renderings, the rhetorical effect of which is to eliminate the possibility of any genuine reconciliation with the English government. On the basis of this interpretation I conclude that the Summary View represents Jefferson's first declaration of independence.     

托马斯·杰斐逊的共和主义思想

杰斐逊既继承了古典共和主义思想的优秀成果,又为古典共和向近代共和发展做出了关键性的贡献,形成了独树一帜的共和主义思想,成为共和主义思想的集大成者。他力图制约权力来保障公民的权利,通过公共教育的推行来促进公民的民主参与,与古典的共和主义思想有着显著的区别。