改善初中物理教学的方法

正学习过程不是学习者被动地接受知识,而是积极地建构知识的过程;在学校里,学习不是教师向学生传递知识的过程,而是学生建构自己的知识和能力的过程。1、教学的环境是以"师生互动、生生互动"为内容的、有力的协作环境。我们主张"学生是知识的积极建构者,而教师是学生建构知识的支持者"。所谓"师生互动",指的是师生之间相互作用和相互影响,师生相互交流与影响。在作者的教学实践中深深感觉到特别是初中学生,     

实验室文化对博士生科研合作的影响——一个多案例的质性分析

科研合作在现代科学生产中具有重要意义。以某高水平研究型大学多个实验室为案例,采用深度访谈法与非参与式观察法研究实验室文化对博士生科研合作的影响。研究发现,实验室纵向结构与横向结构会影响科研合作的频率;实验室人际氛围会影响科研合作的类型,竞争型人际氛围会导致科研合作局限于工具性合作;实验室组织目标会影响科研合作的投入程度,当师生在相互协商与互动中形成较高的组织目标时,学生科研合作的投入程度较高。为增进博士生科研合作的效果,应增加实验室人员的互动频率、营造团结型的人际氛围及在共同协商中设立较高的组织目标。     

小学数学课堂教学中的师生互动

有效的师生互动,包括行为互动、情感互动和认知互动。在小学数学课堂教学中,如何实施有效的师生互动来促进学生的学习,笔者作了如下探索:一、定准师生互动的"起点"l.学生学习过程中的"兴趣点"。兴趣是小学生积极主动参与学习活动的心理倾向,是推动他们进行学习活动的内在动力。教学中,教师要善于抓住学生学习过程中的"兴趣点",让它成为师生展开有效互动所必须的动力。如在教学     

浅析小学语文课堂师生互动行为的有效性研究

教师和学生作为课堂教学的重要参与者,高效的课堂实际上是师生之间的双向互动。学生在传统课堂"灌输式"教学模式的影响下,逐渐养成了"衣来伸手、饭来张口"的习惯,制约了学生的课堂参与程度,学生互动意识薄弱,参与课堂互动活动的积极性不高。面对新课程理念的教学要求,教师应关注师生之间的互动,在有效的师生互动中,才能提升学生课堂参与的程度,促使学生在互动的过程中完成知识的构建和理解,实现知识的交互与学生能力的提升。     

关于加强师生互动、提高化学课堂教学效益的几个策略

化学课堂教学是提高化学教学质量和效益的关键，加强课堂中的师生互动势在必行。本文对加强师生互动、提高化学课堂教学效益，从充分准备好每节课、提高学生对知识的认知理解、课堂教学中要师生平等、优化化学课堂互动模式等四个方面阐述了作者的看法。     

数学教学中师生互动方式有效性

<正>新课改背景下,小学数学课堂教学活动备受关注,课堂教学中的师生互动教学亦是如此。师生互动在小学教育过程中已经成为我国小学教育必不可少的教育方法,课堂上进行师生互动的教育方法能有效地促使学生掌握和理解知识,并且做到教学与实践的统一。教学的过程不仅能帮助学生学习知识,发散学习思维和数学思维能力,也能给数学教师带来成长,从而形成双向发展。然而,随着新课改的深入,小学数学教学中的师生互动有诸多方面的问题,包括教师在一定程度上忽略学生主体地位、学生与教师互动不积极、     

浅谈数学教学中的师生互动

教学过程中师生互动的宗旨是让教师和学生充分参与到课堂教学中来,以学生为主体,教师处于主导地位形成师生有效的互动。在课堂教学过程中,解决好教学中的师生互动问题,将有利于全面提升学生的综合素质和教师的教学水平。一、教学中师生互动存在的问题(一)注重知识传授,忽略学生的能力培养在课堂教学中,部分教师还沿用着传统的填鸭式"教学法,知识传授过程中以教师的一言堂为主,导致大部分学生只能被动地听讲。     

浅谈互动教学法在高中英语阅读教学中的应用

课堂教学是师生互动的过程,只有教师的"教"和学生的"学"统一起来,教学效率才能得到提高。而传统高中英语课堂教学因受应试教育观念所影响,课堂中多是教师讲授学生听,学生的学习被动,师生互动缺失,尤其是学生的英语应用技能没有得到较好的培养。在高中英语课堂教学中实施互动教学法,就是要充分发挥教师的主导作用,引导学生积极参与到课堂中,在互动中促使学生获得知识构建,培养学生的英语综合应用能力。     

有效互动——高效课堂的催化剂

新课程强调,教学过程应当是"师生交往、共同发展的互动过程",要求学生与教师在"互动""对话"中对知识进行"创生""改造",进而实现"动态生成"。这就要求新课程下的课堂必须是师生互动的动态场景,让知识在互动对话交流中不断生成,让学生在互动对话中主动建构自己的知识结构。     

《植物生产环境》教学反思

正为实现"观察—启发—探究"型教学在现代农艺专业《植物生产环境》课的应用与推广,本着以学生为本、面向全体学生、培养学生能力和师生互动的原则,笔者研究了"观察—启发—探究"课型在现代农艺专业《植物生产环境》课程教学中应用的可行性。一、教学目标的实现在"观察—启发—探究"型教学过程中,《植物生产环境》所设计的内容与步骤以学生为中心,强调学生对知识的主动探索、发现和对所学知识意义的主动建构。如     

博士生延期毕业影响因素的实证研究

伴随知识经济的发展与创新竞争的加剧,博士人才培养的重要性日益凸显。在研究生招生规模扩大的背景下,博士生延期毕业现象愈发普遍。文章在分析延毕群体特征的基础上,从个体特征、导学互动、院校培养机制三个层面分析博士生延期毕业的影响因素。研究发现,年龄偏长、学术参与不足的博士生陷入延期毕业的可能性更高,理科博士生延毕情况较文科博士生更为严重;良性的导学互动对抑制博士延期现象具有显著的积极作用;院校课程设置注重学科交叉性,结合专业基础与学科前沿,能够有效降低博士生延毕风险。博士生延毕的影响因素存在学科异质性,在优化培养机制、合理设置学制时应考虑学科特征差异。     

人文社科博士生延期毕业成因分析 ——以高深知识生成逻辑为视角

博士生延期毕业现象受到高校和政府的重点关注，但相关研究付之阙如。为探寻博士生延期毕业原因及矛盾根源，研究访谈了32位博士生及15位导师。围绕高深知识的生产、学习与传授，得出延期矛盾的根源如下：延期博士生学术基础与高深知识高深性、深奥性的失配，延期博士生学术动力与高深知识开放性、探索性的失配，延期博士生自学能力与高深知识个人性、缄默性的失配，院系培育服务与高深知识学习、传授方式的失配。为改善延期现状，研究建议：应严格把控博士招生环节，多途径提高学生科研素养；正视导学冲突的负面效应，弥合师生沟通的现实张力；加强过程监管及考核力度，回归科研评价的学术本位。     

Deconstructing Doctoral Students’ Socialization from an Institutional Logics Perspective: A Qualitative Study of the Socialization of Chinese Doctoral Students in Finland

While socialization has become a major lens of research in doctoral education, this paper advances the theoretical foundation of the socialization process in doctoral education by using the institutional logics theory. Specifically, it proposes an analytical framework for understanding the socialization of doctoral students, where it is seen as a process of reconciling different or even competing institutional logics that drive students’ development in doctoral education. The framework has been applied in an empirical study of ten doctoral students in Finland who were funded by the China Scholarship Council (CSC). While proving the usefulness of the analytical framework, the study shows that CSC doctoral students mainly face the competing logics of profession and corporation during socialization. Influenced by a strong profession logic, the Chinese students have transformed themselves into novice professionals and knowledge producers. Corporation logic competed with profession logic in the management of doctoral students and has resulted in a lack of teaching experiences in doctoral training and a weak recognition of professional identity in the students’ host universities. The influence of family logic, inherited from CSC doctoral students’ cultural backgrounds, has been decoupled in the socialization process and has led to a strong sense of loss in handling the supervisory relationship between supervisors and students. Based on the findings of this study, the author provides several recommendations for host universities, supervisors, doctoral students, the CSC, and the Chinese Embassy in Finland to enable them to work together and help CSC doctoral students tackle the aforementioned challenges.     

‘Tough love and tears’: learning doctoral writing in the sciences

Contemporary changes to the doctorate mean student researchers are likely to be expected to write differently, write more and more often, and yet, despite a growing interest in doctoral education, we still know relatively little about the teaching and learning practices of students and supervisors vis-a-vis doctoral writing. This paper draws from a research study into the writing experiences of higher degree students and their supervisors in one science, health and technology-based university Faculty. The study used surveys, interviews and focus groups to collect information from students and supervisors about their experiences of doctoral writing and their perceptions about its development. By attending to the writing-related pedagogical practices of supervisors, this article explores how doctoral writing can be the stage for the playing out of tensions over changing roles and identities aggravated by contemporary pressures on doctoral education.     

有效益的公平:我国博士招生“申请-考核”制实施状况回顾与反思

博士招生"申请-考核"制是对中国传统的博士普通招考制度的变革。在实践与完善的过程中,该制度表现出了渐进式改革的特征。在"申请-考核"制实践中,各高校在维护招考公平的前提下,更加重视考察学生的学术能力与综合素养,力图招收学术能力与综合素养并优的博士生,提高"申请-考核"制招生的效益,实现公平与效益的平衡。招生只是博士生培养的初始环节,各高校应以招生制度改革为契机,在确保招生过程有效益的公平前提下深化培养制度变革,注重发挥导师在博士生培养中的关键性作用,切实提升博士生培养质量。     

‘We are like orphans’: exploring narratives of Lao doctoral alumni educated in Sweden

In this article, we explore the narratives of 10 doctoral alumni from Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) who underwent graduate training in Sweden. The narratives identify challenges encountered by the alumni but more importantly reveal the agency by which these challenges were overcome. The most important strategy was that of collaborative learning, actively enlisting the help of other doctoral students and supervisors, thus challenging the prevalent discourse about doctoral studies as an individual endeavour. Inspired by post-colonial perspectives, the article reveals juxtapositions between Lao colonial experiences and Swedish ignorance of their ramifications. The article argues that programmes in Sweden should work more actively towards a collaborative and inclusive learning process. This strategy becomes especially important when doctoral endeavours involve participants from both the global south and the global north, and it could be an important step in challenging the hegemonic position of the global north in processes of knowledge production.     

Identity and agency: pleasures and collegiality among the challenges of the doctoral journey

How do doctoral students develop their identities as academics? In this analysis, we explore identity from the perspective of agency – humans as active agents. The analysis was based on the collective data from three earlier studies in different contexts. Embedded in the data were expressions of agency linked to affect – both positive and negative – in which doctoral students were acting to shape and not just be shaped by their experiences. Key findings were evidence of collective student identity as well as supervisors modeling and affirming student agency. Both these findings are pertinent in rethinking doctoral pedagogies: the latter provides a model for supervisors to explicitly model student agency, and the former suggests the value of creating opportunities for collective identity in which students act as positive agents in improving their own doctoral experiences.     

Doctoral studies as an initiatory trial: expected and taken-for-granted practices that impede PhD students’ progress

ABSTRACT

Intellectual abilities alone are not sufficient to successfully progress through doctoral studies. Research indicates that modes of training and the context and conditions in which doctoral studies take place also have a significant impact on the process. However, few studies examine how taken-for-granted and self-evident practices in academia likely impede students’ progress. To address this gap, a qualitative inquiry was conducted according to an instrumental case study design. Six human and social sciences faculties at a Canadian university were selected to define the case. In addition to analysing institutional documents pertaining to doctoral studies in this specific context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 PhD students, 14 thesis supervisors and five academic administrators. Based on Giddens’ theory of structuration, the analysis revealed an enduring perception of doctoral studies as an ‘initiatory trial’ that affects both the formal and tacit organisation of the process, and consequently its underlying challenges.     

专业型博士“热”背后的“冷”思考

发展专业型博士是优化博士学位结构,完善博士研究生教育体系的必要措施。然而,近年来我国专业型博士出现招生“热”浪,院校“热”追,导师“热”衷的“热”现象。基于“政府、市场和学术”三角协调理论的分析框架,发现中央政府强力的推动,市场需求类型的转变,知识生产模式的升级,是专业型博士的“热”根源。“冷”静思考后,三者互动博弈中分别表现为中央政府干预的过度,市场供求调节的疲软和基层学术组织的壁垒。“冷”“热”分析后,要协调国家、省级和培养单位三者间关系;充分发挥市场调节基础性作用的同时适度加强政府宏观调控;积极构建矩阵式基层学术组织。     

博士生对导师指导满意吗?——基于Nature全球博士生调查

导师是博士生培养的关键。在与高等教育发达国家比较视野下,从博士生体验和评价视角探析当前我国博士生导师对博士生指导现状及相对水平,可为优化研究生导师指导行为提供支持。经选取Nature调查中代表性发达国家对比发现,我国博士生对导师总体满意,但对导师指导分项满意度还有较大提升空间。具体到导师指导行为上,我国博士生对出版发表、合作机会、资金支持的满意度略高于或接近于发达国家,但在导师学术指导频次,给予心理支持和职业发展指导方面与发达国家存在一定差距,尤其是对导师给予其学术指导,提供参加学术会议、会议报告机会等培养支持满意度处于对比8国的较低水平。基于数据分析和讨论,建议导师遴选应加强对导师指导能力和指导质量的考察,高校对导师的岗位要求和岗位评价等应细化导师指导行为,多渠道为博士生开展同行学术交流创造条件。