Sharing Good and Bad News with Friends and Strangers: Reasons for and Communication Behaviors Associated with the MUM Effect

People are reluctant to share bad news. Reasons include self-presentation and sensitivity to receiver emotionality. An experiment investigated these reasons during interactions between friends and strangers. Females (N = 330, 165 dyads) gave good or bad news to a close friend or stranger. Time to response was recorded. The MUM effect replicated for both friends and strangers. No main effects for friend/stranger or interaction between friend/stranger and news valence were found. Data were more consistent with a self-presentation explanation. Behavioral data were also analyzed to explore communicative behavior that accompanies the sharing of good and bad news. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

Face and facework in conflict: a cross-cultural comparison of China,Germany, Japan,and the United States

The purpose of the current study was to investigate face and facework during conflicts across four national cultures: China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in the 4 national cultures, in their respective languages, to measure 3 face concerns and 11 facework behaviors. The major findings of the current study are as follows: (a) self-construals had the strongest effects on face concerns and facework with independence positively associated with self-face and dominating facework and interdependence positively associated with other- and mutual-face and integrating and avoiding facework; (b) power distance had small, positive effects on all three face concerns and avoiding and dominating facework; (c) individualistic, small-power distance cultures had less other-face concern and avoiding facework, and more dominating facework than collectivistic, large-power distance cultures; (d) Germans had more self- and mutual-face concerns and used defending more than U.S. Americans; (e) Chinese had more self-face concern and involved a third party more than Japanese; and (f) relational closeness and status only had small effects on face concerns and facework behavior.     

The persuasive effects of statistical evidence in the presence of exemplars

This paper explores the impact of statistical evidence by varying it while pairing it with a constant set of exemplars. The resulting design includes a condition in which the statistical information and the exemplars advocate the same position (consistent condition), one in which statistical information and the exemplars advocate different positions (inconsistent condition), and a third condition in which only exemplars are presented (control condition). The data indicate that statistical evidence has a substantial effect on judgments, and that the impact of statistical evidence on attitudes is indirect. Specifically, it is mediated by judgments.     

Climategate: A Case Study in the Intersection of Facticity and Conspiracy Theory

In 2009, the Climate Research Unit had over 1,000 private e-mails stolen and made publicly available. Quickly, several of the e-mails were widely reported in the media: supposedly providing proof of conspiracy among scientists supporting the Anthropogenic Climate Change hypothesis. Despite the inaccuracy of the accusations, the charge of conspiracy stuck. In this essay, I argue that a set of interrelated variables (existing anti-elitism, the consistency of the charge with existing ideology, the perceived accuracy of the narrative, and the poor rhetorical response by the accused) caused the Climategate conspiracy to resonate even after the charge was proven false. This essay adds to contemporary rhetorical theory about conspiracy theory by considering variables beyond paranoid style and accuracy of the charge.     

个体的政府信息需求调查及成因分析——基于意义建构理论

[目的/意义]各国政府都非常重视信息公开工作。深入调查公众个体的政府信息需求有助于政府进一步明确信息公开工作的内容和方式,提高政府信息公开工作的实施效率。[方法/过程]通过对38位有代表性普通公众的深度访谈,调查其主要的政府信息需求,并以意义建构理论的视角分析个体的政府信息需求成因。[结果/结论]研究发现被访者的政府信息需求主要与教育、生活、工作和兴趣相关。其中,源于外部情境的信息需求成因包括：直接解决问题,间接支持决策,了解一般事实和进行知识积淀;而源于个体状态的信息需求成因包括：个体建构的与政府信息的社会距离、对信息需求认知的清晰程度以及对自我的归类。构建了一个基于意义建构隐喻模型的个体的政府信息需求分析框架,以期为后续的相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

知识管理视域的组织学习理论评价

尽管早在20世纪六七十年代就有人提出了组织学习的概念.但是,迄今为止,似乎还没有一个系统完整的理论.像知识管理一样,研究组织学习的学者来自不同领域,他们提出了各自不同的理论模型.论文讨论了作者认为最具有解释力的四个模型,同时,也提出了一些需要注意但不常为研究者们关注的问题.     

行动者网络理论视角下嵌入式信息素养教育运行机制分析

[目的/意义] 将行动者网络理论引入嵌入式信息素养教育研究中,全面分析嵌入式信息素养教育运行机制。[方法/过程] 采用访谈方法,通过行动者网络转译的4个步骤进行嵌入式信息素养教学过程分析。[结果/结论] 研究发现嵌入式信息素养教育现存障碍在于各行动者的认知差异、高层管理机制和相关规章制度的缺乏、各行动者参与的激励不足、馆藏资源亟须整合等方面,提出通过强调高校的核心行动者地位,赋予各行动者利益,完善嵌入式信息素养教育理论。     

图书馆学理论道路的迷茫、艰辛与光荣——中国图书馆学暨《中国图书馆学报》六十年

中国当代图书馆学自1956年起步,经历了60年艰难的发展。本文通过对《中国图书馆学报》及其他刊物已发表论文的分析,揭示中国图书馆学60年的发展道路和取得的成就。文章将当代中国图书馆学置于历史环境和国际环境中,分迟到的起点、持续的徘徊、艰难的起步、漫长的重建、迷茫中破局、新世纪的理论光辉等不同阶段,考察当代中国图书馆学的历史进步。参考文献29。     

研究型教学理念下档案学专业实践教学体系的完善——以扬州大学为例

研究型教学是知识经济和信息时代各高校档案学专业实施素质教育培养学生创新精神和实践能力的主导理念和教学方式。本文探讨了研究型教学理念指导下扬州大学档案学专业实践教学体系的补充和完善。     

人脸识别技术在图书馆的应用现状与策略分析

人脸识别技术具有诸多优势,可提升图书馆的管理与服务水平,已广泛应用于很多领域,而且在图书馆的应用已取得了一些成效,证明其应用于图书馆具有可行性。当前图书馆主要在刷脸入馆、刷脸借书、刷脸办证、座位预约、存包管理5个方面应用人脸识别技术。应通过提升用户的配合度、保障与已有业务的融合度、保护用户隐私、完善运行保障机制等策略来推动人脸识别技术在图书馆的应用。     

长尾理论在图书馆信息服务中的应用

文章阐述了长尾理论对图书馆事业的启示,分析了其对图书馆资源利用和信息服务的推动作用,提出了基于长尾理论构建图书馆信息服务的新模式,讨论了长尾理论在图书馆未来发展中的应用及其存在的问题。     

A Grounded Practical Theory Reconstruction of the Communication Practice of Instructor-facilitated Collegiate Classroom Discussion

Instructor-facilitated collegiate classroom discussion (IFCCD) is a highly valued yet undertheorized instructional practice. Research examining the structure of classroom interaction, scholarship advocating rationales for discussion-based pedagogy, and an investigation of a related interactive classroom communication practice provide an informative backdrop for this study. The data in the study were collected using action-implicative discourse analytic techniques throughout a semester in three classrooms at the same university. Reconstructing the three levels of the practice through grounded practical theory—the problem/dilemma level, the normative situated ideals level, and the talk/discourse techniques level—provides some insight into why in two of these cases of IFCCD, engaged and participatory discussion was accomplished. The shared dilemma of the practice is reconstructed as the problem of engagement in which both individual engagement with curricular content and shared engagement in co-creation of the discussion are valued. The dilemmatic nature of the practice is explored specifically in terms of traditional and nontraditional teacher talk and associated participation structures. Significant similarities and differences across the three cases are found and examined in the reconstructions of instructor situated ideals and third-turn facilitation techniques. Initial conclusions are incorporated in the discussion of discourse-based applications for practitioners interested in facilitating discussion in college classrooms.     

Attribution Theory in the College Classroom: Examining the Relationship of Student Attributions and Instructional Dissent

This study sought to expand knowledge on instructional dissent by establishing the relationship between student attributions of instructor behavior (attribution theory) and their own communicative behavior following a difference of opinion with an instructor. Student participants (N = 244) completed survey questionnaires regarding their perceptions of instructor's internality for a perceived disagreement and their own communicative behavior following the incident (i.e., expressive, rhetorical, or vengeful dissent). Results indicate that students’ attributions of internality are positively related to all three forms of dissent.     

Why Users Share the News: A Theory of Reasoned Action-Based Study on the Antecedents of News-Sharing Behavior

Social media have become an integral part of online news use, affecting how individuals find, consume, and share news. By applying the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), this study investigates the effects of motives, attitude, and intention on news-sharing behavior among German social media users (n = 333). Findings show that news-sharing attitude and subjective norms have a positive effect on news-sharing intention, which in turn has a positive effect on actual news-sharing behavior. Taken together, we see that a new media behavior in the early phases of its societal diffusion—like social media news sharing in Germany in 2015—can mainly be explained by a rational choice logic and is rooted in the motives of socializing and information seeking. This finding thus reflects the double nature of social media as a means for both information retrieval and social grooming.     

被经验的中介和被中介的经验——从传播理论教材的译介看传播学在中国

本文以国外传播理论教材的译介作为视角,考察了欧美传播理论话语在中国的诠释和变异,研究了西方客观经验主义的大众传播理论如何被潜移默化地等同于传播学的过程,同时以《传播理论导引:分析与应用》为例,对我国目前传播学的教学与研究中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,提出应该进一步开阔视野、注重研究范式、重新思考传播理论的教学与应用。     

Developers' Views about Public Meetings in the Context of Public Relations Theory

Employing popular normative public relations paradigms, this study identified practices used by developers that improve long-range project outcomes, based on successful engagement in public meetings. Perceptions of public meeting processes, as well as mechanisms to improve outcomes and participant diversity, are discussed. Generally, findings indicate that larger developers were more likely to use public meetings successfully to identify, monitor, and resolve issues; and develop collaborative relationships. These developers were also likely to seek opportunities to increase public involvement by finding ways to lower constraints to participation. These strategies include varying meeting formats, sustained dialog throughout the project life span, employing consultants to aid in the development of public meeting plans, innovation in communication strategies, transparent exchange of ideas, and collaborative negotiations.     

从观念到理论——档案双元价值论的演变轨迹研究

档案双元价值是由湖北大学覃兆刿教授提出,用以解释档案的管理功能与社会意义,并评价我国档案管理实践活动的理论观点。它是进入新世纪以来我国档案学界在档案学基础理论领域所提出的极具创新意义的观点。随着越来越多的学者开始关注并投入到对档案双元价值的研究中,档案双元价值论也开启了由学术观点向学术理论转型的进程。本文将着力于分析档案双元价值从观念的发源到理论内涵的发现、发展的理论转型过程,并对档案双元价值论的未来发展与可供研究的空间进行阐释与预测。     

刍议数字时代档案学理论研究与指导实践的脱节

数字时代,档案学理论研究与指导实践脱节。脱节表现在理论研究领域与实践工作领域失联,外来理论指导本土实践失利,档案学教育应对实践岗位需求失当。造成脱节的原因包括主体分化造成理论与实践隔阂,历史惯性致使实践缺乏创新,行政体制导致实践与理论无关。应该通过立足本土实际开展档案学研究,以问题为牵引开展档案学研究,加强研究主体的横向联合,完善档案教育的多重效果等途径改变这种脱节的状况。     

几点简单回应——再析文件运动理论某几个基本概念

现行文件与档案的历史记录性没有本质不同.不应将"制假过程的证明和档案",与造假分子制造的"假象的证明和档案"混为一谈;也就不能以"档案不能编造"来否定现行文件的"历史记录性".证据是能够证明真相的事实或材料,并非只能与"权利、义务和责任"挂钩,也就并非所谓半现行文件的专利.为文件划分运动阶段,不能既承认巴思克斯教授定义的文件现行性,又同时采行文件利用率标准,否则会造成逻辑混乱.文件的"线性运动"应正名为"线状运动".笔者过去概括的"文件横向运动论"主要观点,应表述为"文件纵横运动论";描述这种运动现象的更好办法,是跳脱具体的社会实践活动而进行更加宏观的抽象.