ADHD and academic attainment: Is there an advantage in impulsivity?

Pupils diagnosed with ADHD and pupils with ADHD symptoms tend to do less well at school than their symptom-free peers. This has been found to be particularly true for predominantly inattentive pupils. This paper aimed to establish the relative importance of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity to the academic progress of young children. A large dataset which held children's reading and maths attainment at the end of their first year at school, as well as teachers' ratings of ADHD-related behaviours based on the DSM-IV criteria was analysed. Inattention was strongly linked to under-attainment whilst impulsivity was positively related to attainment for similar levels of inattention. The item “Blurts out answers” on the teachers' rating scale was particularly important. When impulsivity acted as an overt sign of cognitive engagement it seemed to have a positive function. This raises questions about the inclusion of the “blurting out” item in the ADHD DSM criteria.     

ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students

This article presents results from two interrelated studies. The first study conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature since 1990 to determine the magnitude of achievement problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Effect sizes were significantly different between participants with and without ADHD (sample weighted r = .32, sample weighted d = . 71; p = .001). Effects were also examined according to the moderators of age, gender, achievement domain (reading, math, spelling), measurement method (standardized tests vs. grades, parent/teacher ratings, etc.), sample type (clinical vs. nonclinical), and system used to identify ADHD (DSM-III-R vs. DSM-IV). Significant differences emerged from the moderator comparisons. The second study, using averaged effect sizes from the first study as a baseline for comparison, investigated achievement levels for an understudied age group with ADHD, namely, college students. Unlike previous studies at the college level, the sample incorporated both student and parent ratings (N = 380 dyads). The results were comparable to outcomes from the meta-analysis for college students and adults. Analyses demonstrated modest (R = .21) but meaningful predictive validity across 1 year to end-of-first-year grades. However, unlike earlier studies with children and adolescents, student ratings were as predictive as parent ratings. Findings are discussed in terms of the impact of moderator variables on ADHD and achievement.     

教师同伴互助的校本教研模式探析

国外的研究显示教师同伴互助是促进教师专业发展的重要手段之一,教师同伴互助的质量和效果是影响校本教研效果的重要因素。鉴于教师同伴互助对于教师专业发展和校本教研效果的重要作用,本文试图从目标、特点、组织结构和实施四个方面对教师同伴互助的校本教研模式进行研究。目的是想为推进我国基础教育课程改革,提高校本教研的效果,促进教师专业发展提供借鉴。     

Estimated prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms among college freshmen: gender, race, and rater effects

Group differences and prevalence rates for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a matched sample of college freshmen (n = 956) and their parents (n = 956) were investigated for gender and race (African American and Caucasian) effects using current self-report and retrospective parent-report ratings. On self-report, compared to female students, male students displayed higher mean scores on subscales and lower rates for reporting symptom totals beyond DSM-IV thresholds for the three subtypes of ADHD. Mean differences in ADHD symptoms were not apparent for race. However, African American students displayed higher rates for reporting symptom totals beyond DSM-IV thresholds for all subtypes. On retrospective parent report, male students and Caucasian students displayed higher mean scores on all scales and higher rates for reporting symptom totals beyond DSM-IV thresholds for all subtypes. Prevalence rates varied by gender and race on self-report and parent report. Prevalence was examined based on combined data of self-report and parent report and using age-adjusted cutoff criteria. Findings and implications are discussed.     

Patchwork Quilt or Seamless Day? Parent, Teacher and Child Care Staff Views on Early Childhood Education Programs for Kindergarten-Age Children in Canada

In Canada, child care for kindergartners typically combines part-day school and child care. Exploratory research examined parents', teachers', and child care staff views on coordination between these programs. Community-based research surveyed these three groups. There was general agreement, and some key differences, among the groups in priorities for programs for kindergarten-age children. Social and language skills were generally considered most important; reading and writing least. Parents were particularly enthusiastic about a coordinated, school-based program. Teachers and child care staff were somewhat less enthusiastic about the model, with teachers' reactions the least positive. Teachers' views on the advisability of an integrated program were varied—some thought it would be of benefit to children, others disagreed. All three groups felt that a coordinated program would benefit by being school-based. Direct experience with integrated programs seemed to produce strong opinions about the value of program integration, with those teachers who had on-site child care programs giving the integrated programs the highest and the lowest ratings. Arguments are made for small-scale demonstration programs to expand provision of child care services using kindergarten as a foundation—and for rigorous evaluation of program impacts and outcomes.     

试论农村中学校本教研的“多元化”

校本教研是一种学习、工作和研究三位一体的学校活动和教师行为,从工作方式、研究内容和工作条件等多元化视角来研究是一种趋势,就农村中学教师而言,如何因地制宜地开展校本教研,探索特色化专业发展道路问题等需要讨论,以期在条件相对落后的农村中学尽快提高教师的教学水平和教学效果。     

Personal perspectives on a school-university partnership

The process of collaborative biography was used to examine the effects of a school-university partnership on two elementary teachers. The partnership in question gave the teachers full responsibility for supervising and evaluating their own student teachers, with the support of a school-based team of Clinical Master Teachers. Although the experience gave both teachers opportunities to research their own beliefs and practices, differential effects emerged from apparent interactions with the teachers' personalities and career paths. We discuss these common and differential effects and reflect upon the effects of collaborating on this article. In sum, findings were consistent with the observations of other researchers that teachers' biographies are critical factors in determining how teachers define and experience new or expanded professional roles.     

"做中学":关于新型教师校本教研能力开发方式的探讨

新课程背景下校本教研的出现对教师的校本教研能力和校本教研观念提出了挑战.在此背景下,传统的教师校本教研能力开发方式--"脱产进修"或"在职培训"的局限性尽显,而提倡"做中学"精神的合作研究、行动研究、校本课程开发等新型教师校本教研能力开发方式逐渐走进了人们的视野.     

论教师参与校本课程开发的专业支撑

校本课程开发是一项专业性很强的活动,非常依赖于教师的专业素养。教师参与校本课程开发必须具备一定的专业支撑,其中充分的知识准备、相应的课程技能、必要的专业品格是至关重要的。其中充分的知识准备是基础和前提,课程技能是其必要的操作方式,而专业品格则构成教师参与校本课程开发的专业支撑的动力系统,它们相互联系,交互作用,统一于教师参与校本课程开发的各项活动中。     

School-based assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Schools are uniquely situated to provide information relevant to the assessment and treatment of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across a variety of tasks, settings, and observers. The importance of the school setting to the assessment and treatment of ADHD has resulted in the development of numerous measures appropriate for such assessment, but few guidelines for their use. The purpose of this article is to describe school-based assessment procedures and their relationship to ADHD. These procedures include teacher rating measures, direct observations in classrooms and on playgrounds, peer rating and sociometric measures, and permanent product measures such as academic performance. It is recommended that school-based assessment of ADHD involve the concurrent use of multiple measures to assess adequately the wide variety of symptoms associated with this disorder. It is further recommended that assessment serve the purpose of determining treatment efficacy to avoid unwarranted preoccupation with diagnostic issues that are as yet unresolved. The components of a comprehensive school-based assessment of ADHD are described, and their relationship to school-based treatment is discussed.     

从“科层取向”到“专业取向”:校本教师管理制度转型的个案研究

校本教师管理从"科层取向"到"专业取向"适应了课程改革与教育发展的形势。"专业取向"的校本教师管理制度有利于教师主体意识彰显和教师个人成长,有利于促进学校自主发展和学校文化建设。     

校本课程背景中的教师专业成长

校本课程开发是我国当前基础教育改革中的一个重要组成部分,本文从校本课程对教师专业能力的挑战以及为教师专业发展提供的机遇等方面来分析如何在校本课程开发中来促进教师的专业发展     

Written expression performance in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

We examined written expression performance in a sample of adolescents with ADHD and subthreshold ADHD using two different strategies: examining performance on standardized measures of written expression and using other indicators of written expression developed in this study. We examined associations between standardized measures of written expression, cognitive processing measures (working memory, processing speed, language, fine motor ability, and reading efficiency) and behavioral ratings of ADHD by parents and teachers. We also developed a coding scheme for a writing sample to measure productivity and the ratio of self-corrections to errors. The results indicated that written expression performance was most consistently associated with cognitive processing measures and not behavioral ratings of ADHD, based on correlational and simultaneous regression analyses. These results were consistent in the analyses with both the standardized measures and the coding scheme measures of written expression. Findings generally remained robust, regardless of whether participants who met criteria for a learning disability were included or excluded in the analyses. The current results suggest that written expression difficulties in adolescents with ADHD are attributable to processing difficulties that may be associated with ADHD, not to ADHD reported symptoms. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.     

Preschool twin study of the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and prereading skills

Numerous studies have examined the etiology of the association between reading difficulties and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children, but little is known about the relation between prereading skills and ADHD behaviors prior to the beginning of formal reading instruction. A population-based sample of 809 pairs of preschool twins completed an extensive battery of prereading measures, and the parent of each twin completed an ADHD rating scale. Phenotypic analyses revealed small but significant correlations between DSM-IV inattention ratings and six prereading composite measures, whereas hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms were not independently associated with any of the prereading scores. Multivariate twin analyses indicated that virtually all of the phenotypic correlation between inattention and prereading performance is attributable to common genetic influences, consistent with results obtained in studies of older twins. Although additional research is needed to test alternative causal models in children younger than five years old, these results are most consistent with the hypothesis that reading difficulties and inattention symptoms are attributable to common genetic influences.     

深化校本研修应关注的几个基本问题

随着教师教育理论研究的不断深入和实践的不断发展,校本研修已经成为教师专业发展的重要途径。深化校本研修有许多问题需要深入研究,其中,激发教师专业发展的自主性、正确定位教师研究的取向、引导教师提练个人的教育理论、教师专业发展个性的形成以及教师专业发展的评价等问题,是深化校本研修必须明确的基本问题。     

合作与对话:校本培训的生态学视域

校本培训是以促进教师专业的、学术的、人格的发展为目的的生态进化过程.将生态学的规律应用于校本培训研究,通过构建以校为本的教师专业发展生态环境,营造教师专业发展的合作文化,提高教师的专业对话能力,有效实现学校发展的目标.     

On Enhancing Teachers' Knowledge by Constructing Cases in Classrooms

This study was designed to enhance teachers' knowledge by constructing cases as part of a school-based professional development project in Taiwan. Cases, involving episodes and issues from real classroom events, were constructed collaboratively by a school-based team consisting of the researcher and four classroom teachers. The process of constructing cases, characterization of teachers' understanding of cases, and their skills for case writing were developed in the course of the study. In the process of constructing these cases, teachers improved their awareness of and their competence in dealing with the difficulties students encountered in the learning of mathematics; they enhanced their pedagogical content knowledge and their ability to reflect on classroom practices.     

校本课程开发条件下的中小学教师资源问题与对策

随着课程改革的深入,“三级课程”的试行,校本课程开发已受到了我国课程理论界的关注。本文从教师资源出发对中小学校本课程开发中存在的问题及原因进行分析,并提出了建议与策略:实现教师的专业自主,提高课程开发意识;在实践中研究,提高教师的科学研究能力;以人为本,变革教师的学生观以及校本课程开发与教师专业成长融合。     

大连市中小学教师教育策略研究

教师在提高教育教学质量的任何一项改革中都起关键作用,提高教师质量和积极性就成了关键因素。大连地区整体推进的教师教育改革策略包括构建“研训一体”的新型教师教育机制;以学校为本、以教师为本,大力开展“校本研训”工作;整合优质教师教育资源,实施“校际联动”;完善现代教学技术设施,充分整合、利用现有教育教学资源,开拓新的现代化研训手段。经过实践验证,获得了初步成功,特别是整体区域全体教师的现场指导,具有一定创新性。