Adsorption characteristics of activated carbon derived from scrap tires for malachite green: Influence of small organics

The influence of small organics on the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon produced from industrial pyrolytic tire char（APTC）for malachite green（MG） was investigated by a batch method. Phenol was chosen as the representative of small organics. The effects of phenol on adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied systematically. The results indicate that APTC is a potential adsorbent for MG. The presence of phenol decreases the adsorption capacity of APTC for MG, but improves the rate of adsorption, while the adsorption characteristics, such as equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics are not affected by phenol. The adsorption equilibrium data follow Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data are well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process follows intra-particle diffusion model and the adsorption rate is determined by more than one process. Thermodynamic study shows that the adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous physisorption process.     

Gas Absorption Enhancement of Carbon Dioxide into Ca （OH）2 Slurries

Chemical absorption of CO2 into aqueous slurries of Ca(OH)2 was studied in a stirred thermostatic reactor. The influence of solid loading and stirring speed on absorption rate were investigated experimentally, and the results show that the enhancement factor increases with particle content due to the increase of reactive particles in the gas-liquid interfacial region. The absorption process was controlled by the diffusion of gas molecules in slurry. The influence of stirring intensity on enhancement factor is an integration of gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer variation. A novel prediction model of enhancement factors was proposed with the partition of interface into two various zones, and the prediction values by the presented model are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Simultaneous removal of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole from aqueous solution by rice straw biochar

The simultaneous sorption behavior and characteristics of cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on rice straw biochar were investigated. Isotherms of Cd and SMX were well modeled by the Langmuir equation (R2 >0.95). The calculated maximum adsorption parameter (Q) of Cd was similar in single and binary systems (34129.69 and 35919.54 mg/kg, respectively). However, the Q of SMX in a binary system (9182.74 mg/kg) was much higher than that in a single system (1827.82 mg/kg). The presence of Cd significantly promoted the sorption of SMX on rice straw biochar. When the pH ranged from 3 to 7.5, the sorption of Cd had the characteristics of a parabola pattern with maximum adsorption at pH 5, while the adsorption quantity of SMX decreased with increasing pH, with maximum adsorption at pH 3. The amount of SMX adsorbed on biochar was positively correlated with the surface area of the biochar, and the maximum adsorption occurred with d 250 biochar (biochar with a diameter of 150-250 μm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the removal of Cd and SMX by rice straw biochar may be attributed to precipitation and the formation of surface complexes between Cd or SMX and carboxyl or hydroxyl groups. The results of this study indicate that rice straw biochar has the potential for simultaneous removal of Cd and SMX from co-contaminated water.     

Simulation of turbulent combustion flame feature based on fractal theory for SI engines

The flame structure of gasoline engine is complicated and has the characteristic of fractal geometry. A fractal combustion model was used to simulate the engine working cycle. Based on this model, the fractal dimension and laminar flame surface area of turbulent premixed flames were studied under different working conditions. The experimental system mainly includes an optical engine and a set of photography equipment used to shoot the images of turbulent flame of spark-ignition engine. The difference box-counting method was used to process 2D combustion images. In contrast to the experimental results, the computational results show that the fractal combustion model is an effective method of simulating the engine combustion process. The study provides a better understanding for flame structure and its propagation.     

Kinetics Modeling of Calcium Formate Synthesis by Calcium Hydroxide Carbonylation

The synthesis of calcium formate by Ca(OH)_2 carbonylation was studied in a semi-batch stirred tank.The reaction mechanism was analyzed theoretically and the rate of each step was compared.The influence ofreaction conditions on the formation of calcium formate was investigated.The results indicate that the rate-controlling step is the reaction between dissolved CO and dissolved Ca(OH)_2,and the gaseous diffusion resistance can be eliminated when the stirring speed reached 1000 r/min.Furthermore,the reaction kinetics was studied at a stirring speed of 1000 r/min,temperature of 423–453 K,pressure of 2.0–3.5 MPa and different initial concentrations of Ca(OH)_2.An effective method was proposed to measure the reaction rate of CO.A mathematical model was developed using the dual-film theory,and the parameters were obtained using regression of experimental data.The reaction rates calculated using the kinetics model were compared with experimental data.The results show that the deviations are within ±10%,proving that the established model is valid and can provide a basis for industrial amplification.     

CFD-Based Numerical Simulation of Water Film Flash Evaporation with a New Flash Evaporation Model

In this study, a new mass model involving superheat, initial temperature, liquid height, evaporator diameter, and flashing time is established to describe the flash evaporation process of water film. Of 469 sets of flash experimental data from three previous researches, 305 sets were applied to optimize parameters, and the other 164 sets were used to verify the practicability of the model. The results showed that the mean relative error between the literature data and the model values was less than 16.3%, and the model statistics proved that the model was well-posed. Then, the kinetic model was obtained using the time derivative of the new mass model. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of water film flash evaporation was studied based on a user-defined function program of the new evaporation kinetic model. The new kinetic model shows more consistency with the experimental phenomena in terms of evaporated mass and temperature compared with the evaporation–condensation model in Fluent software and Gopalakrishna's model. This new kinetic model can be extended to describe the flash process of water solution under other conditions.     

Mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by blast furnace slag and steel furnace slag

We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag （BFS） and steel furnace slag （SFS）. The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5-10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%-28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca^2＋ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%-43% and 9%-11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts （CaHPO4·2H2O） after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.     

Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb by agricultural soils of the Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas in China

Soils can often be contaminated simultaneously by more than one heavy metal. The sorption-desorption behavior of a metal in a soil will be affected by the presence of other metals. Therefore, selective retention and competitive adsorption of the soils to heavy metals can affect their availability and movement through the soils. In this study, the simultaneous competitive adsorption of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb) on ten agricultural soils collected from the Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas, China was assessed. The results showed that the competition affected the behavior of heavy metal cations in such a way that the soils adsorbed less Cd and Hg, and more Pb and Cu with increasing total metal concentrations, regardless of the molar concen- tration applied. As the applied concentrations increased, Pb and Cu adsorption increased, while Cd and Hg adsorption decreased. The adsorption sequence most found was Pb>Cu>Hg>Cd. The maximum adsorption capacity for the heavy metal cations was calculated, and affected markedly by soil properties. The results suggest that Hg and Cd have higher mobility associated to the lower adsorption and that Pb and Cu present the opposite behavior. Significant correlations were found between the maximum adsorption capacity of the metals and pH value and exchangeable acid, suggesting that soil pH and exchangeable acid were key factors controlling the solubility and mobility of the metals in the agricultural soils.     

Numerical Model of Storm Surge and Inundation in Bohai Bay

A two-dimensional numerical model of extratropical storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay was built based on the unsteady flow Navier-Stokes equations. The model included two sections, one was for the simulation of storm surge tidal level and the other for the simulation of storm surge inundation in the coastal area. While simulating the storm surge tidal level, the alternating direction implicit (ADI) method was applied to dispersing and solving 2D storm surge equations. In the simulation of storm surge inundation, the 2D unsteady flow equations were dispersed and solved using the structureless grids of finite volume method (FVM). A coupling calculation mode of the process of inundation and storm surge tidal level variation was proposed, therefore the storm surge inundation process and area could be calculated while simulating and forecasting the process of storm surge tidal setup. Furthermore, an extratropical storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay were simulated using this numerical model. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measured data, which shows that this numerical model provides a new method of simulating and forecasting storm surge and inundation in Bohai Bay.     

Study on Control Strategy of Suffur Dioxide Concentration in the Urban Area of Shijiazhuang

Two Gaussian air quality dispersion models, the industrial source complex short-term model (ISCST3) with and without modification have been used to simulate the pollutant concentration distribution in urban areas based on the meteorological data and the emissions distribution of sulfur dioxide. The verified data show that the modified model is more accurate in the urban area of Shijiazhuang. Using the modified model predictions, the control strategies of sulfur dioxide in the urban area have been studied, and the result show that the second long-term (to 2010) strategy can mitigate air pollution significantly and maintain pollution levels within permissible limits.     

小球藻生物吸附废水中铜的研究

以小球藻作为生物吸附剂,去除水溶液中微量Cu~(2+),研究结果表明小球藻对Cu~(2+)的生物吸附主要经历了快速的吸附和缓慢的吸收两个步骤:pH值是影响Cu~(2+)生物吸附的一个重要影响因素,最佳pH值在6～8之间;离子强度对Cu~(2+)的吸附有一定的抑制作用;小球藻对Cu~(2+)的生物吸附符合Freundlich等温方程。     

壳聚糖-对羟基苯甲酸膜对Cu~（2＋）的吸附性能研究

采用直径约60mm的壳聚糖-对羟基苯甲酸膜对Cu2＋的吸附进行了研究,结果表明：吸附量随着振荡时间、pH值、温度、Cu2＋初始浓度的增加而增大。对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程动力学更符合二级反应。     

苦菜对铅和镉的富集作用及其矿物元素含量的测定

探讨了苦菜对铅和镉的富集作用,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苦菜中Ca、Mg、K、Na、Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Pb、Cd元素的含量。实验结果表明,苦菜中含有人体中必需的生理上较重要的微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu,进一步研究了苦菜对铅和镉的富集特性。     

啤酒酵母对Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附探究

文中利用啤酒酵母去除模拟废水中Zn2+、Mn2、Cu2+,通过对预处理试剂、吸附温度、吸附液pH值与浸泡时间等因素进行正交分析,确定了影响吸附的主要因素是酸度和预处理试剂.研究pH值、离子初始浓度、吸附时间、离子强度等条件对吸附率的影响,结果表明,用NaOH浸泡后2h,在pH=5~6时吸附效果最好.用吸附等温线Langmuir(exe)、Freundlich和Temkin方程拟合,相关性都比较好.用不同的吸附动力学方程描述啤酒酵母吸附金属离子的最优模型为Elovich方程.     

双醛淀粉基螯合树脂对几种离子的吸附性能研究

制备了双醛淀粉8-氨基喹啉(DASQA)螯合树脂,并通过红外光谱分析、扫描电镜分析等对该树脂进行了表征。DASQA螯合树脂作为螯合吸附剂,用于Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+Zn2+等离子的吸附实验表明:当pH值为5时,吸附量基本保持不变且达到最大值,吸附在2h可以达到平衡,对金属离子的吸附能力由大到小依次是Cd2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Ni2+、Cu2+。     

腐殖酸对钴、镉作用的研究

本文采用碱溶酸沉法提取土壤中的腐殖酸,研究对Co2+、Cd2+的吸附作用机理.结果表明:最佳pH范围为6～7,吸附过程属于放热过程.用该种腐殖酸样品吸附Co2+服从Langmuir和Freudlich吸附等温模型,19℃、35℃、45℃的饱和吸附量为12.51、9.52、8.30mg/g;吸附Cd2+在19℃、35℃时服从Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型,饱和吸附量为33.90、33.43mg/g,但在45℃时主要服从Freundlich吸附等温模型.腐殖酸对Co2+、Cd2+的吸附是通过两级络合反应形成配合物的方式结合.     

三种活性炭对低浓度Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附性能

用竹炭、煤质活性炭及过二硫酸铵氧化处理的煤质活性炭作为吸附剂,研究了三种活性炭对低浓度的铜、锌离子的吸附性能,采用N2吸附等温线、Boemh滴定及零电荷点测定等对活性炭进行表征。经氧化处理后,煤质活性炭的表面含氧官能团增多,尤其是羧基的含量显著增加,pHPZC值降低,较未氧化的煤质活性炭有更高的Cu2＋、Zn2＋的吸附容量。竹炭对Cu2＋、Zn2＋的吸附表现出较好的性能,对浓度为8mg.L-1的Cu2＋、Zn2＋溶液,吸附量分别达到1.87 mg.g-1及2.2 mg.g-1,与氧化后的煤质活性炭较为接近,作为对水中微量金属元素的吸附剂具有良好的开发前景。     

竹炭-有机复合吸附剂对Cu~(2+)吸附行为研究

研究了竹炭及其改性体粒径、用量、吸附时间、温度及铜离子(Cu2+)初始浓度等因素对Cu2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明:竹炭及其改性体对Cu2+吸附率随粒径减小而增大,用量增加而增大;Cu2+初始浓度增大,吸附率减小;对Cu2+吸附平衡约2h;最佳吸附温度为20—40℃,pH为3—4。改性体2效果最佳,30—50目粒径时去除率达99%以上,当溶液浓度为1.26g/L时,其比吸附量最大,为95.8mg/g。     

枣椰仁颗粒活性碳及其在多介质过滤器中余氯穿透曲线动态建模(英文)

采用物化活化工艺,以枣椰仁为原材料制作颗粒活性碳( GAC) ,制作过程主要有 6 个步骤: 清洗,烘干,粉碎,筛分,炭化和活化. 通过小试对新型 GAC 去除余氯的特性进行了研究,并将实验结果与 Langmuir和 Freundlich 等温方程进行了拟合. 通过理论和实验分析,考察了主要运行参数对吸附动力的影响. 结果表明: Langmuir 等温方程与实验数据最为吻合,说明其对余氯吸附为单层吸附. 新型 GAC 在余氯吸附方面具有巨大潜力,比传统的吸附剂更具竞争力. 采用托马斯扩展模型结合物质转移阻力对实验结果进行了验证,模拟结果与实验非常符合.     

柠檬皮渣对刚果红的吸附性能

以柠檬皮渣作为吸附剂,研究了其吸附阴离子染料刚果红的性质,考察了柠檬皮渣用量、吸附时间、刚果红初始浓度以及温度对刚果红吸附量的影响.结果表明：柠檬皮渣对刚果红的吸附量随刚果红初始浓度的增加而增大,随柠檬皮渣用量的增加和温度的升高而降低;柠檬皮渣对刚果红的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学方程,吸附过程热力学参数计算结果表明为自发的放热过程.