师范教育免费政策的合理性、政策目标及制度设计

教育部在2007年工作要点中明确提出了开展师范生免费教育的试点;国务院总理温家宝在政府工作报告中指出,在6所教育部直属师范大学实行师范生免费教育,并在取得成功经验的基础上逐步向全国推广。由此,免费师范教育的帷幕又徐徐拉开。然而,中央只是明确了师范教育免费这一政策方向,关于实现这一政策所需要的相应的制度还尚未完备。我们需要在充分理解免费师范教育政策合理性的基础上明确免费师范教育所包含的政策目标并进行科学合理的制度设计。     

Conditions for Choice? The context for implementation of curricular pathways in the curriculum, 14‐19, in England and Wales

The Dearing reviews of 1993 (the National Curriculum and its assessment) and 1996 (Qualifications for 16‐19 year olds) have created the context for a renewed discussion of educational ‘flexibility’ and ‘choice’. This article seeks particularly to analyse ‘choice’ within the educational and wider social contexts and to identify how far the conditions for choice exist. It suggests three main areas of difficulty: (1) contradictions in education policy, which is a site of contestation rather than coherence at a national level, and provides therefore an unstable context for choices; (2) ambivalence in the social context, in so far as ‘autonomy’ is now both the goal of education and also a prerequisite for access to education; (3) specific characteristics of educational provision which offer limited evidence of the capacity to adapt to the kinds of support and guidance for ‘choice’ which are the pre‐requisites of any meaningful implementation of the Dearing proposals.     

Book Reviews

Catherine Twomey Fosnot (ed), Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives and Practice.
Basil Bernstein, Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity: Theory, Research, Critique
Robert Jackson, Religious Education, an Interpretive Approach.
Ben Cosin and Margaret Hales (eds), Families, Education and Social Difference.
Gareth Elwyn Jones, The Education of a Nation.
Kamala Nehaul, The Schooling of Children of Caribbean Heritage.
Ann Hodgson and Ken Spours (eds), Dearing and Beyond: 14–19 Qualification, Frameworks and Systems.
Brian Wilcox and John Gray, Inspecting Schools: Holding Schools to Account and Helping Schools to Improve.
Patricia F. Murphy and Caroline V. Gipps (eds), Equity in the Classroom: Towards Effective Pedagogy for Girls and Boys.
Thomas P. Rohlen and Gerald K. LeTendre (eds), Teaching and Learning in Japan.
Alan Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism.
Ron Glatter, Philip A. Woods and Carl Bagley (eds), Choice and Diversity to Schooling: Perspectives and Prospects.
Ved Varma (ed), Managing Children with Problems.
Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison, A Guide to Teaching Practice.
Andy Hargreaves, Lorna Earl and Jim Ryan, Schooling for Change: Reinventing Education for Early Adolescents
Michael Peters and James Marshall, Individualism and Community: Education and Social Policy in the Postmodern Condition     

Changing Understandings of 'Public' and 'Private' in Higher Education: the United Kingdom Case

Where does higher education in the United Kingdom sit today in terms of the public–private distinction, and what does that distinction mean in the higher education context? This article considers these questions and related issues, noting how the particular example of the United Kingdom compares with other systems internationally. Following a historical exploration of the meaning of ‘public’, ‘private’ and other related terms, an examination is undertaken of their currency during the post‐war period in the UK higher education system. This is exemplified through an analysis of the two major British higher education reports of the last 50 years – the Robbins Report of 1963 and the Dearing Report of 1997. It is argued that the contemporary UK higher education system could be seen as suffering from the worst of both worlds, trapped between and suffering from the seemingly contrary pressures of privatisation and nationalisation.     

Cultivating the Critical Mind in Art

This article raises the problem of how to teach and research the critical and historical study on an A level art course. I have recently completed my doctoral study on this area of the art curriculum, which was conducted during the period of change to all post sixteen qualifications after the 1996 Dearing report. In this article I show how personal and critical knowledge was a necessary part of the practical investigation and helped to foster inquiry learning among my two research groups of sixth form students. The experience has given me renewed hope that students are able to problematise meaning in art and communicate what values and positions they adopt in the course of their investigations into the work of others.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Madeleine Arnot, Miriam David and Gaby Weiner, Closing the Gender Gap. Postwar Education and Social Change
Paul A. Singh Ghuman, Asian Adolescents in the West
Ian Grosvenor, Martin Lawn and Kate Rousmaniere, Silences and Images
Debbie Epstein and Richard Johnson, Schooling Sexualities
Peter Silcock, New Progressivism
Annette Hayton (ed), Tackling Disaffection and Social Exclusion: Education Perspectives and Policies
Ann Hodgson and Ken Spours, New Labour's Educational Agenda: Issues and Policies for Education and Training 14+
Mark Bray and Ramsey Koo (eds), Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macau: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change     

Michael Young and the curriculum field in South Africa

The paper addresses the question of what we should make of Michael Young’s recent work with respect to curriculum theory by considering the particular case of South African curriculum reform. The paper thus traces two trajectories: the evolution of Michael Young’s ideas over time and South African curriculum reform in the post-apartheid period. The paper shows how the two trajectories have run in parallel, not least because of Young’s ongoing involvement and interest in South Africa. Three broad periods in Young’s career are identified: the new sociology of education period; a middle period where he engaged in substantial policy work, focusing predominantly on the relation between schooling and the economy; and his social realist phase, where much of his work has focused on an educational notion of specialized knowledge: ‘powerful knowledge’. The possibilities and limitations of this notion as it has been taken up in the research literature, and in relation to the South African case, are explored.     

Education research and policy making in higher education: the case of Dearing

In establishing a National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education in the United Kingdom (the Dearing Committee), the Government expected short-term problems and long-term developments to be examined in less than half the average time taken by previous inquiries. Conscious of the intellectual authority of its predecessor, the Robbins Committee, the Dearing inquiry commissioned a large number of research and analytical studies to inform its deliberations. The ways that research and other forms of evidence were collected and considered by the inquiry are discussed in relation to four themes: the context and conditions for the inquiry; the nature of the work commissioned; the treatment of public evidence and the use of research to inform key recommendations; and what the episode disclosed about the relationship between education research and policy-making in higher education. In the course of this commentary, it is suggested that the uneven engagement with research and academic literatures in the Dearing inquiry was not simply a function of its terms and conditions of existence, but reflected more general features of the contemporary research base and policy environment in higher education.     

The Dearing Inquiry as Process – Delegated Thinking and the Limits of Expert Advice

The Dearing Inquiry into Higher Education is assessed in terms of its contribution to a style of policy-making which has lain dormant for two decades. The paper questions the effectiveness of national inquiries in general, and asks whether there is a case for anticipating further inquiries as proposed by the Dearing report. The Inquiry itself is examined as part of a critique of state-sponsored delegated thinking, in which the state delegates but does not abdicate its policy-making function. Tensions between academic experts and the elite policy-making community are also analysed. The paper concludes that inquiries have less to do with inquiry, and more to do with the legitimation of state policy options. A way is cleared for a further paper which explores the alternatives for higher education.     

“核心-边缘”：“三农”公共政策创新过程模式——基于SPSS统计软件的“质”、“量”交互研究。

通过分析“三农”政策文本与数据之阅的关系发现：“三农”政策在何种程度上能提高农民收入的关键,在于判定。三农”相关的公共政策在多大程度上具有创新性：“三农”公共政策创新过程符合“核心—边缘”逐步完善的路径模型,在路径演进的过程中伴随着公共政策效益边际递减效应。十七届三中全会以土地占有权、使用权与收益权等土地权益重新组合为政策创新硬核的确立,意味着新一轮从“核心”到。边缘”次第展来的“三农”公共致策创薪正刚刚开始。     

CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION,POLICY, AND THE EDUCATIONALIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Abstract In this essay, Naomi Hodgson reconsiders the value of Michel Foucault’s normalization thesis to the study of educationalization in relation to contemporary educational policy and research. Hodgson begins by analyzing educational researchers’ response to the recent introduction of citizenship education in England, focusing specifically on a review of research, policy, and practice in this area commissioned by the British Educational Research Association (BERA). She argues that the BERA review exemplifies the field of education policy sociology in that it is conducted according to the concepts of its parent discipline of sociology but lacks critical theoretical engagement with them. Instead, such work operationalizes sociological concepts in service of educational policy solutions. Hodgson identifies three dominant discourses of citizenship education within the BERA review— the academic discourse of education policy sociology, contemporary political discourse, and the discourse of inclusive education — and draws attention to the relation of citizenship education to policy initiatives, and thus to educationalization. She then discusses Foucault’s concept of normalization in terms of the demand on the contemporary subject to orient the self in a certain relation toward learning informed by the need for competitiveness in the European and global context. Ultimately, Hodgson concludes that the language and rhetoric of education policy sociology implicate such research in the process of educationalization itself.     

In pursuit of quality: early childhood qualifications and training policy

This paper aims to critique policy discourses around the pursuit of quality in early years education. Taking England as a focal point, it problematizes the use of the term ‘quality’ and attempts to standardise its meaning; highlighting the disconnect that exists between policy and practice. The paper combines discourse analysis of a small number of key government documents with a series of interviews with early years stakeholders in order to identify issues that will have resonance and can inform a much needed continuation of debates about what quality might mean. Over the course of the research it became apparent that there was considerable disquiet amongst early years practitioners with regards the current qualifications and training landscape, particularly with regards to what many viewed as ideologically-driven policy-making, not informed by proper dialogue with the sector.     

Samuel Richardson's Epistolary Technique in Pamela

In his first novel, Pamela, Samuel Richardson successfully achieved his didactic purpose through the epistolary writing style.Young female readers at his time learned much from Pamela's firmness keeping her virginity.But what is ironic is that they also learned to keep their virtue to trade for the final reward.     

The Evolution of Government Policy on Widening Participation

This paper examines the evolution of government policy in England on widening participation. It traces government policy on widening participation in relation to social class from Robbins (1963 ) through Dearing (1997 ) to ‘The Future of Higher Education’ (2003 ) and the passing of the Higher Education Act (2004). The paper concludes that there is a lack of participation in policy formulation by certain key groups, particularly those directly affected by widening participation policy. In addition, although the government's widening participation policy has generally progressed, it has done so within an overly bureaucratic system of control that fails to give higher education institutions the autonomy they need. There are also occasions when aspects of policy seem to be taking backward steps. Moreover, while the government adopts a rhetoric of strategic rationality, policy on widening participation often appears to be ad hoc, piecemeal and lacking a cohesive, evidence‐based rationale. Finally, there are times when New Labour appears to lack the political will to implement radical policies.     

The Invisible Majority: Adult Learners in English Higher Education

The report of the National Inquiry into Higher Education (the Dearing Committee) makes much play of lifelong learning, and the last decade has seen a rapid increase in the proportion of mature learners in higher education overall. In 1993 the National Institute for Adult Continuing Education argued that the advent of lifelong learning and an adult majority in higher education called for a radical rethinking of the nature and purposes of higher education. There has been some positive change, and the Dearing report is broadly positive, but by failing to recognise the nature of the lifelong agenda, it may be too little too late.     

Dilemmas in the quest for inclusion

In 1995, on the occasion of his 'retirement', Professor Klaus Wedell wrote a leading article for BJSE entitled 'Making inclusive education ordinary'. Last October, Professor Wedell, also known to BJSE's readers as the author of the regular 'Points from the SENCo-Forum' column, delivered the Gulliford Lecture at Birmingham University. Here he makes the text of his lecture accessible to a wider audience.
In this article, Professor Wedell places some of the ideas he discussed in 1995 in a contemporary context. He explores the systemic rigidities that create barriers to inclusion; he offers creative ideas for new ways to approach the challenges of inclusion; and he argues persuasively for much greater flexibility, at a range of levels, in order to facilitate change, development and innovation. Building on these themes, Professor Wedell summarises a series of implications for policy and practice. These concern teaching and learning; staffing and professional expertise; and grouping and locations for learning. In concluding his article, Professor Wedell calls on the Government to consider in more depth the issues that are raised by moves towards inclusion – particularly those issues that concern the individual learner in relation to the shared curriculum. This article will be of interest to anyone who recognises these and other tensions in the movement towards inclusion.     

Review

This essay offers a historical commentary on Turning Points: Preparing Youth for the 21st Century, the 1989 report on middle school education by the Carnegie Council's Task Force on Education of Young Adolescents, The report's opposition to tracking and its advocacy of teacher empowerment, initiatives that have been popular with school reformers of the 1980s, does distinguish Turning Points from earlier proposals for educational change. Most of the report, however, seems to recommend policies that bear a striking similarity to the kind of changes promoted by the advocates of efficiency oriented school reform earlier in the century. The essay examines the historical antecedents for two of these policy recommendations, curriculum integration and school‐based health services. In considering these earlier attempts at reform, this essay identifies flaws that may mitigate the effectiveness of the policies recommended in Turning Points but which the authors of the report fail to mention .     

安康农业系统可持续性研究

以可持续发展为基点，分析安康农业现状和面临形势。在土地资源生态规划和优化利用的基础上构建可持续发展农业体系，并初步探讨适合本地自然，技术水平的单元土地经营对策和农业生态系统控制对策。     

探素硅谷创新文化的6个奥秘

硅谷不只是地图上的一点,还是象征创新精神的“极客”圣地。硅谷的“创业血液”源于惠普（HP）的位置——帕罗奥图（PaloAlto）。马克·扎克伯格把脸书（Facebook）从他哈佛大学的宿舍搬到硅谷;史蒂夫·乔布斯在这里长大……那么,硅谷缘何取得如此的成功？它怎样运用外在的因素为其所用？请看关于硅谷的6个文化秘密!