Immune function and exercise

This review will examine the effects of exercise and training on immune func-tion and will discuss the methodological problems that limit the interpretation of many exercise immunology studies. Acute bouts of exercise cause a tempo-rary depression of various aspects of immune function, such as neutrophil oxidative burst, lymphocyte proliferation, monocyte MHC class II expression, and natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, that will usually last for approximately three to 24 hours after exercise, depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise bout. Post-exercise immune function depression is most pronounced when the exercise is continuous, prolonged (<1.5 hours), of moderate to high intensity (55-75% VO₂max), and performed without food intake. Periods of intensified training that result in overreaching have been shown to chronically depress immune function—i.e., immune cell functions measured at rest are still depressed 24 hours after the last exercise bout. Although elite athletes are not clinically immune deficient, it is possible that the combined effects of small changes in several immune parameters may compromise resistance to common minor illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infection. Protracted immune depression linked with prolonged training may determine susceptibility to infection, particularly at times of major competitions.     

网球比赛中的能量供应特点及饮食营养原则

利用能量连续统一体原理简单分析网球比赛中运动员的能量供应特点,并以此提出网球运动员比赛期间饮食营养原则和措施．依照能量代谢的规律合理科学的安排运动员饮食对提高运动员竞技水平是有益的。     

无氧耐力性田径项目运动员营养与补充的综述

无氧耐力性田径项目的运动员营养与补充有其特殊性.三大营养素在无氧耐力性田径项目的运动员膳食结构中的供能比例应为碳水化合物占60%～65%;蛋白质占13%～15%;脂肪占20%～30%,同时,也应适当补充糖、水、铁、维生素等营养素.增加促进蛋白质合成的营养保健品、抗氧化剂,以及红景天等中药的应用,有利于运动员训练期间快速消除疲劳、恢复体能.     

运动与免疫系统研究进展

运动对机体免疫功能有急慢性以及正负性影响。有规律的适度运动可增强免疫功能而降低感染风险。急性运动后肌源性IL-6释放增加,IL-10上升从而抑制细胞免疫功能。急性运动增强自然杀伤细胞活性但是降低白细胞的吞噬功能。长时间的高强度运动可能会通过抑制黏膜IgA分泌而增加上呼吸道感染风险。定期补充抗氧化剂如维生素C和E以及在运动过程中摄入碳水化合物有助于预防免疫抑制。平衡营养饮食匹配合理的运动计划可支持和促进免疫系统。     

急性运动降低感染风险的免疫调节机制

由于新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎疫情暴发,人们将居家运动作为提高免疫力与保持健康的重要手段,运动与免疫的关系再度受到关注。一般认为,在充分恢复的前提下进行规律的中高强度运动可提高免疫功能,而急性运动(acute exercise)可能抑制免疫功能并增加感染风险。急性运动后外周血淋巴细胞计数及功能降低、免疫球蛋白A水平分泌减少被认为是运动抑制免疫的理论基础。但目前这种独立于非运动因素影响免疫功能增加感染风险的认识受到了现有研究的挑战。急性运动可通过应激反应将淋巴细胞亚群迅速动员至循环中,运动结束后,淋巴细胞亚群又会迅速迁移至外周组织。淋巴细胞的重新分布(lymphocyte redeployment)可能是一种进化保守的免疫机制,这一过程强化了外周组织的免疫监视与调节功能,有助于提升机体抵抗感染能力。因此,从这一视角就急性运动对机会性感染风险及免疫功能影响的现状进行综述。     

对东莞市中学生课业、睡眠、饮食与体育锻炼的调查分析

采取问卷调查的方法,对中学生课业负担、睡眠状况、饮食行为和体育锻炼情况进行调查。结果发现：80.9%的中学生每天的学习时间超过国家规定标准,60.7%的中学生睡眠时间不足,50.7%的中学生早餐不规律、超过三成的中学生有偏食和零食习惯,79.7%的中学生每天体育锻炼时间不达标,仅有16.2%的中学生养成体育锻炼的习惯。结果表明：中学生课业负担重,导致熬夜、睡眠不足现象比较严重,同时中学生不良饮食行为问题突出,特别是运动不足问题令人堪忧。     

Sleep quality improved following a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in older women: Results from a pilot study

BackgroundPoor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects.MethodsFifteen healthy, non-obese (body mass index = 24.4 ± 2.1 kg/m², mean ± SD), sedentary (<20 min of exercise on no more than 3 times/week) older women (66.1 ± 3.9 years) volunteered for the study. Peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) was evaluated using a graded exercise test on a treadmill with a metabolic cart. Following a 7-day baseline period, each participant completed two exercise sessions (separated by 1 week) with equal caloric expenditure, but at different intensities (60% and 45% VO_2peak, sequence randomized) between 9:00 and 11:00 am. A wrist ActiGraph monitor was used to assess sleep at baseline and two nights following each exercise session.ResultsThe average duration of the exercise was 54 and 72 min, respectively at 60% (moderate-intensity) and 45% VO_2peak (light-intensity). Wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter (p = 0.016), the number of awakenings was less (p = 0.046), and total activity counts were lower (p = 0.05) after the moderate-intensity exercise compared to baseline no-exercise condition.ConclusionOur data showed that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session improved sleep quality in older women.     

皮划艇项目供能的特征及其营养的补充

对皮划艇项目供能及营养补充进行了探讨,分析皮划艇项目的供能特点,有针对性地安排运动员的营养补充,合理的摄取糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质。     

Mechanisms of beneficial effects of exercise training on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disorder which is associated with accumulation of fats in the liver. It causes a wide variety of pathological effects such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The molecular mechanisms that cause the initiation and progression of NAFLD are not fully understood. Oxidative stress (OS) induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are likely a significant mechanism which can lead to hepatic cell death and tissue injury. Mitochondrial abnormalities, down-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) depletion and decreased activity of GSH-dependent antioxidants, accumulation of leukocytes and hepatic inflammation are the major sources of ROS overproduction in NAFLD. Excessive production of ROS suppresses the capacity of other antioxidant defence systems in NAFLD and causes further oxidative damage. Regular exercise can be considered as an effective strategy for treatment of NAFLD. It improves NAFLD by reducing intrahepatic fat content, increasing β-oxidation of fatty acids, inducing hepato-protective autophagy, overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR-γ), as well as attenuating hepatocyte apoptosis and increasing insulin sensitivity. Exercise training also suppresses ROS overproduction and OS in NAFLD via up-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, an understanding of these molecules and signalling pathways gives us valuable information about NAFLD progression and a method for developing a suitable clinical treatment. This review aimed to evaluate sources of ROS and OS in NAFLD and the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of exercises on NAFLD.     

太极拳对增强女大学生血清总补体活性的影响

研究太极拳运动对四年级女大学生血清补体3(C3)与补体4(C4)及总补体活性的影响,为在高年级大学生中开展太极拳有氧运动提供免疫学实验依据。从南华大学护理学院2001级随机抽取40名女生,分成4组,分别设为对照组、实验1、23、组。实验组分别每周进行1、2、3次太极拳训练。于0、2、4、6、8、10、12周后抽血分离血清,分别利用免疫球透射比浊法与50%溶血法(CH50)测定训练前后血清中补体C3、C4质量浓度与总补体活性。结果显示每周参加3次太极拳训练者,血清补体C3、C4质量浓度与总补体活性比对照组及每周锻炼1或2次者高,且在第10周与第12周与对照组及每周锻炼1次者差异有显著性(P<0.05)。说明坚持运动量适中的太极拳有氧运动,能提高高年级女大学生机体合成C3与C4的能力,增强总补体活性。从而增强非特异性抗感染免疫,提高免疫应答水平。     

运动与补糖

糖作为运动过程中基本能源物质,其重要性不仅体现在耐力运动上,对于其他运动项目而言,合理的补糖也可提高运动成绩。对补糖对各运动项目的影响及实践中补糖的应用作一综述,以便更深入地研究糖与运动之间的关系。     

运动训练与白细胞介素-6

运用献资料法，论述了白细胞介素-6与炎症反应的关系以及运动训练对白细胞介素-6的影响，并分析了其变化的机制和意义，提出了用白细胞介素-6的变化来评定运动员身体机能和运动能力的可行性。     

运动性疲劳概述

一个世纪以来，运动性疲劳一直是体育科学研究中重要的课题，本文旨在回顾过去，展望未来，对有关运动性疲劳的研究：疲劳的概念及其分类、疲劳的产生机制与学说、疲劳的测定与判断、疲劳的恢复与预防等做了较全面的概述。     

Effects of a physical education-based coping training on adolescents’ coping skills,stress perceptions and quality of sleep

Background: Although most adolescents successfully manage the transition between childhood and adulthood, the speed and magnitude of these changes may exceed the coping abilities of a significant number of young people. For vocational students, additional responsibilities arise during the vocational school transition and the need to balance academic and job-related requirements. An expanding body of literature suggests that adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of psychiatric diseases and as such, the need to develop an adequate coping repertoire is receiving increasing attention globally. The growing awareness of long-term consequences of stress has led governments to instill school-based resilience promotion programs. For instance, the new physical education (PE) curriculum of vocational (vocational education and training (VET)) students in Switzerland addresses stress management, because stress-related diseases at the workplace have become commonplace among young professionals.

Purpose: Our aim was to develop, implement and evaluate a PE-based coping training (EPHECT) for VET students. Therefore, we adapted components of extant field-tested coping training programs and tailored them to the unique needs of VET students. To facilitate the standardization of the program, each teacher received a teaching manual. Moreover, drawing upon experiential learning theory, we introduced the contents of the coping training in PE class through practical, movement-based exercises in PE. Students also received a workbook for use at home.

Participants and research design: In this cluster randomized controlled trial, eight classes from a Swiss vocational school participated (N?=?131, M_age?=?16.22?±?1.12, 35% females). Two trained PE teachers implemented the program with students in the intervention group (IG?=?67) for three months, while students in the other four classes maintained regular PE (CG?=?64) to comprise the control group. To evaluate the coping training, all participants completed several self-report psychological questionnaires (assessing stress, coping and sleep) at baseline and follow-up. IG students completed further questions with regard to intervention fidelity at follow-up.

Data analysis: To evaluate possible effects of the coping training on stress, coping and sleep, a 2?×?2 repeated-measures analysis of variance design was executed with time (pre vs. post) and group (IG vs. CG) as within- and between-subject factors.

Findings: Over time, IG students significantly increased their adaptive coping compared to CG students, while stress and sleep remained relatively stable for both. Regularly completing one’s homework reinforced this effect because it was significantly associated with students’ reflection and compliance.

Conclusion: A complete and accurate implementation of a PE-based coping training can make a positive contribution to the development of adaptive coping skills among adolescents attending vocational schools. This PE-based program allows students to experience their responses to stress directly and offers opportunities to experiment with different coping strategies. Adaptive coping skills are vital for successful stress management and the prevention of stress-related disorders across the work domain and in everyday life.     

运动应激对免疫功能和身心健康的影响

从医学和心理学角度探讨运动应激、免疫功能和身心健康三者之间的关系,主要讨论了应激和运动应激与免疫功能的关系,运动应激对身心健康的影响等问题。     

滇辽两省城镇居民体育锻炼行为的比较研究

城镇居民体育作为特殊的文化运动和新的社会体育形态,将直接关系到全民健身运动的开展,也影响到城镇体育的发展目标。在体育发展过程中,各地区受自然环境、民俗习惯以及经济发展水平不同的影响,导致各个地区人们体育锻炼质量存在明显差距。本文采用文献资料、问卷调查、数理统计等研究方法,从性别、年龄和学历3个角度对滇辽两省居民的体育价值观、体育锻炼次数、体育锻炼时间、体育锻炼项目进行比较分析。研究结果表明：滇辽两省城镇居民体育锻炼价值观大致相同,都把增进健康,祛病延年排在首位;受性别、年龄、学历因素的影响,滇辽两省城镇居民体育锻炼次数和锻炼时间有所不同;体育锻炼首选项目球类运动受场地设施的影响有显著性差异。     

运动及神经内分泌对巨噬细胞功能的调节

像所有的免疫细胞那样,巨噬细胞不能仅仅被看成是独立的细胞个体,而是一个复杂的以不同方式引起宿主免疫应答的细胞和组织网络中的一部分。巨噬细胞是重要的初级效应细胞,而且容易受其它细胞(包括T和B淋巴细胞)和由交感神经系统(SNS)产生的激素以及下丘脑一垂体一肾上腺皮质(HPA)轴调节：实际上,包括运动在内的应激很有可能通过激活SNS,HPA轴或者影响其它细胞和组织进行对巨噬细胞功能的调节。以下将讨论神经内分泌因素对由运动引起的巨噬细胞功能变化的调节作用。