折冲樽俎 虎口索食──曾纪泽与《中俄伊犁条约》

折冲樽俎虎口索食──曾纪泽与《中俄伊犁条约》费雅君曾纪泽（１８３９—１８９０年）是中国近代史上一位卓越的的外交家。在中俄伊犁争端的交涉中，他从国家和民族的利益出发，不畏强暴，折冲樽俎，“障川流而挽既逝之波，探虎口而索已投之食”①，终于改订《崇约》，为...     

论中俄伊犁交涉与中法越南交涉之成败

中俄伊犁交涉与中法越南交涉发生在同一时期,可结果却反差很大,其中原委值得深思.关键因素在于:朝鲜问题对两次交涉影响不同;清廷对伊犁和越南战略考虑不同;俄法的和战决心有差异;清廷主要决策者的个人因素.     

“我的研学之旅”系列习作(1) 追寻

<正>站在橘子洲头,我看着湘江浩浩荡荡向前奔流,思绪万千——我想起了湘江下游一座名为“湘阴”的城市,那是左宗棠出生的地方。左宗棠所处的时代,中华民族历经屈辱,百姓深陷苦难。为了救国,左宗棠潜心研究兵法,亲率数万名湖湘子弟出征收复新疆,使沙俄侵略者签下《中俄伊犁条约》;他创立船政学堂,为我国海军培育人才;他72岁高龄仍督师台海,打败了不可一世的法国侵略者……“身无半亩;     

试论外蒙“独立”后之中俄北京谈判

围绕外蒙＂独立＂之中俄交涉经历了中俄北京谈判和中俄蒙三方恰克图会议两个阶段。第一阶段谈判双方签署了《中俄声明文件》、互换了《声明另件》。根据《中俄声明文件》及《另件》,沙俄获得了操纵外蒙全部政治、经济的条约根据;中国虽然争得外蒙是中国领土之一部分的虚名,然而,被剥夺了在自己领土——外蒙的几乎一切权利。     

试论中俄《伊犁条约》签订的国际、国内背景

1871年7月,沙俄出兵强占中国伊犁,并意欲长期霸占。为交涉归还伊犁事宜,清政府先后派出伊犁将军荣全、吏部侍郎崇厚、驻英法公使曾纪泽赴俄谈判,前后历时十载,几经波折,终于1881年2月签订中俄《伊犁条约》。中方以一些让步重新获得伊犁大部主权。尽管这仍是一个不平等条约,但贪婪成性的沙俄毕竟交出了部分已到手的利益,这在它的亚洲扩张史上是不曾有过的事。中方也部分地取得了成功,这在任人宰割的中国近代,不啻为一个外交胜利。本文意在对这一结果的国际、国内背景作综合分析,错陋之处,祈学者批评指正。     

略论曾纪泽与《中俄伊犁条约》

曾纪泽(1839——1890),字劼刚,湖南湘乡人,曾国藩长子。作为清政府的外交官员,他于光绪四年出使英、法等国,又于光绪六年二月兼任驻俄公使,前后历时八年(1878——1885)之久。他在兼任使俄大臣期间,为收回伊犁与俄国进行长达半年多的艰苦谈判,终于在光绪七年正月(1881年2月)改订新约(即《中俄伊犁条约》),代替了前任使俄大臣崇厚签订的丧权辱国的《里瓦几亚条约》),为祖国争回了大片国土,成为中国近代史上一位出色的外交家。这是曾纪泽外交史上最辉煌的一页,也是近代中国外交史上一大成就。 同治十年(1871年).帝国主义代理人阿古柏在我国西北边疆发动叛乱,沙俄趁此时机以“代为收复”为名,悍然出兵占领我国新疆伊犁地区。1876——1878年间,以左宗棠为统帅的西征军迅速平定阿古柏匪帮的叛乱,收复了除伊犁地区以外的新疆全部领土。沙俄妄图利用阿古柏伪政权侵占伊犁的幻想破灭了,可是他们却拒绝交还伊犁地区。光绪四年(1878年)六月,吏部侍郎崇厚奉命使俄,与沙皇政府商议索回伊犁之事。崇厚乃不学无术的纨绔子弟,昏庸无能,胆小怕事,在沙俄的软硬威逼之下,不顾国家与民族利益,也不请示清政府,竟于次年10月2日,擅作主张同沙俄签订了丧权辱国的《里瓦几亚条约》。根据此约,沙俄归还     

浅谈伊犁归复后金顺的“善后措施”

自1871年沙俄侵占伊犁到光绪七年（1881）中俄《伊犁条约》签订,清政府收复了被沙俄窃据十年的伊犁。伊犁将军金顺,先是配合左宗棠、刘锦棠戡定新疆,后又积极筹办交收伊犁事宜,战绩功不可没。尤其在伊犁戡定后所实行的一系列安抚流亡、固边驻防、开展屯田等政策,使伊犁再次成为繁华的边陲重镇,对于维护清廷在西北边疆的统治起了重要作用。关于伊犁归复后,金顺如何管理、经营伊犁,目前研究涉及较少,所以本文将就其“善后措施”进行探讨和分析。     

曾纪泽与《中俄伊犁条约》

曾纪泽与《中俄伊犁条约》周长文１８６５年，中亚浩罕国军事头目阿古柏带兵侵入新疆，１８６７年建立所谓＂哲德沙尔国＂，明目张胆地肢解中国领土。阿古柏的这些活动，得到了英俄的支持。沙俄趁机于１８７１年强占了中国伊犁地区。沙俄强占伊犁后，曾虚伪地许下诺言：＂...     

从《翁同騄文献》看晚清外交

《翁同騄文献丛编》之六即将出版,本人应邀作序遂得先睹之快。此集翁氏文献不仅弥补了若干已刊晚清外交史料之阙,且涉及许多内幕,破解了其中历史之谜。本文辨析四则:其一,《中法北京条约》中、法文本异同的最初发现;其二,曾纪泽中俄交涉收复伊犁的背景;其三,偿付甲午战争赔款的问题;其四,翁李关系“和而不同”的新佐证。     

李鸿章与中东路权

李鸿章在与俄国商签《中俄密约》期间,与俄方围绕中东路权问题展开了交涉。其所作所为及其主张观点,都服从于他的联俄制日的外交目的,在交涉过程中,其外交立场是积极的。但是,李鸿章企图以路权作为制衡列强在华态势的砝码,恰好又陷入了俄国精心策划的外交阴谋与骗局。联俄制日的外交策略最终招致的只能是误国大错。值得一提的是,若以《中俄密约》的签订给李鸿章冠以出卖中东路权的罪名,则未免失之简单,也有违历史事实     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.