Behaviorism,Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features from an Instructional Design Perspective

The way we define learning and what we believe about the way learning occurs has important implications for situations in which we want to facilitate changes in what people know and/ or do. Learning theories provide instructional designers with verified instructional strategies and techniques for facilitating learning as well as a foundation for intelligent strategy selection. Yet many designers are operating under the constraints of a limited theoretical background. This paper is an attempt to familiarize designers with three relevant positions on learning (behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist) which provide structured foundations for planning and conducting instructional design activities. Each learning perspective is discussed in terms of its specific interpretation of the learning process and the resulting implications for instructional designers and educational practitioners. The information presented here provides the reader with a comparison of these three different viewpoints and illustrates how these differences might be translated into practical applications in instructional situations.     

“There’s got to be a better way to do this”: a qualitative investigation of informal learning among instructional designers

This study employed a qualitative research design to investigate informal learning among practicing instructional designers. Prior research has examined how instructional designers spend their time, make decisions, use theory, solve problems, and so on, but no published research has explored the nature and role of informal learning in instructional design work. Based on intensive interviews of practitioners in the field, this study produced eight themes organized according to two metathemes: (a) the nature of informal learning in instructional design practice and (b) instructional design as informal learning. Specific themes concerned what instructional designers learn through informal practical experience, how they learn it, and the meaning of this kind of learning for various aspects of their work. Overall, these results suggest that informal learning is a vital part of instructional design practice and that design itself can be thought of as a specialized type of informal learning. Other conclusions regarding informal learning in design are discussed and future directions for research are offered.     

基于Wirecast优化网络课程教学视频质量

目前网络课程教学视频存在画面、声音、后期制作费时等问题．在了解Wirecast直播软件的基础上．利用Wirecast软件的相关功能和简单配置,对教学视频前期准备工作、中期的拍摄过程以及后期制作等进行全面优化．提高网络课程教学视频的质量,从而提高学习者网络学习效率。     

职业教育教学设计的学习理论基础——基于内隐学习的视角

随着心理学的发展,学习理论作为教学设计的重要理论基础也日益呈现出多样化的趋势。因此,选取内隐学习理论为研究基点,来论证运用内隐学习进行职业教育教学设计的基础及其优势效应,并简要说明内隐学习对职业教育教学设计的启示。     

运用内容管理系统构建教学网站初探

以Drupal为例,介绍内容管理系统、教学网站和虚拟学习社区三者之间的某种联系,说明通过内容管理系统来建立和维护一个教学网站甚至虚拟学习社区的基本思路与手段,使读者能够了解以内容管理系统建设教学网站是一种高品质的解决方案。     

How effective is instructional support for learning with computer simulations?

The study examined the effects of two different instructional interventions as support for scientific discovery learning using computer simulations. In two well-known categories of difficulty, data interpretation and self-regulation, instructional interventions for learning with computer simulations on the topic “ecosystem water” were developed and tested using a sample of 124 eighth graders in science classes. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of instructional support for domain-specific factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge acquisition. Students who received either only instructional support for data interpretation or only for self-regulation achieved the highest learning outcomes. However, a combination of instructional support for data interpretation and self-regulation seemed detrimental for knowledge acquisition. Students who received instructional interventions for both data interpretation and self-regulation also showed the highest values of perceived cognitive load. High cognitive load could be a reason for why a combination of particular instructional interventions does not lead to the expected positive learning outcomes.     

A methodology for characterizing computer-based learning environments

This paper presents a methodology for characterizing computer-based learning environments, focusing on the cognitive, pedagogical, and interactive features. The framework for this characterization is explained in relation to the relevant theories and findings in cognitive and instructional research. The methodology is illustrated by a characterization of computer-based learning environments developed by student teachers and professionals. The usability of these environments is analyzed along the dimensions of the framework presented. The results showed that this methodology can systematically and precisely characterize the cognitive, pedagogical, and interactive features of computer-based learning environments. It can be used to predict and explain the success or failure that a given software program promotes for learning particular types of knowledge. The applications of this methodology for the evaluation and design of computer-based learning environments, for instructional research in various instructional contexts, as well as for the study of expertise in the development of computer-based learning environments, are discussed.     

论目标为本的教学设计

教学设计是一种目标导向的系列活动。许多教学设计模式都可以看成是目标为本这一基本模式的延伸。教学设计的基本方略可以归结为如何处理好学习的结果与过程同学习的内外部条件的关系,实现有效教学途径在于遵循"分类教学"理念,从宏观和微观两个方面保持学习结果与教学条件的适配。     

Enrolment purposes,instructional activities,and perceptions of attitudinal learning in a human trafficking MOOC

This study examines learner enrolment purposes, perceptions on instructional activities and their relationship to learning gains in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) for attitudinal change regarding human trafficking. Using an author-developed survey, learners reported their perceptions on instructional activities and learning gains within the MOOC, as well as their enrolment purposes. Motivations varied with the majority of learners wanting to formulate a viewpoint or to justify their existing viewpoint, with those taking the MOOC in order to earn a formal certification reporting the highest learning gains. Overall, learners perceived lectures and videos as the most impactful instructional strategy. However, learners who reported the personal project activity as the most effective instructional strategy showed the highest learning gain. The authors discuss the instructional design considerations based on these survey results.     

The effectiveness of online instructional videos in the acquisition and demonstration of cognitive,affective and psychomotor rehabilitation skills

The use of instructional videos to teach clinical skills is an ever growing area of e‐learning based upon observational learning that is cited as one of the most basic yet powerful learning strategies. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of online instructional videos for the acquisition and demonstration of cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills among undergraduate students, throughout formative assessments with two different durations of instructional videos. The research suggests that the use of videos to support traditional learning should be encouraged. While a conclusive evidence—base for their usage has not yet been established they are a medium which is likely to benefit a proportion of a cohort, and it is very unlikely that they will be harmful to students' learning.     

基础教育信息化应注重“平台”建设

本文试图通过对当前教育信息化的资源建设工作中的各种网络化教育教学资源进行分析 ,说明网络化教学平台这种特殊的学习资源在教育信息化进程中的重要作用。它的作用涉及到以人为本的教育观、新兴学习理论的实践以及目前教学改革中教学模式的创新等实际问题。希望通过对网络化教学平台作用的叙述 ,为读者提供一种信息技术与课程整合的实用工具的选择     

教学范式转型是否可能——《教学设计的理论与模型：教学理论的新范式（第2卷）》解读

《教学设计的理论与模型：教学理论的新范式（第2卷）》在深入分析信息时代不同于工业时代特征的基础上,提出面向信息时代的教学范式,主张以定制化的、聚焦于学习的教学取代工业时代的标准化的、聚焦于分类的教学,变被动学习为主动学习,从教师的主动、控制和责任转变为分享的主动、控制和责任;从去境脉的学习转变为真实的、意义丰富的任务,以高层级的学习目标取代低层级的学习目标。新教学设计理论从多个不同的视角构建设计模型,并彰显教学方法的情境化考量和教学设计向＂用户设计者＂模式的转变,为在实践上进行教学范式转变提供了一种发展方向。     

Towards an idea-centered,principle-based design approach to support learning as knowledge creation

While the importance of viewing learning as knowledge creation is gradually recognized (Paavola et al. Computer-supported collaborative learning: foundations for a CSCL community 2002; Rev Educ Res 74:557–576 2004), an important question remains to be answered—what represents an effective instructional design to support collaborative creative learning? This paper argues for the need to move away from efficiency-oriented instructional design to innovation-oriented instructional design if learning as knowledge creation is to be pursued as an important instructional goal. The rationale in support of this argument is discussed from four different theoretical perspectives and an idea-centered, principle-based design approach as an example is proposed for discussion.     

梅耶多媒体教学设计原理的生成与架构

多媒体学习理论是一个贯通了学习理论与教学理论的科学体系。作为学习理论的多媒体学习认知理论基于双重编码理论、工作记忆模型以及生成加工理论,解释了学习者通过加工语词与画面所呈现的材料来建构知识的学习机制,属于解释性理论;作为教学理论的多媒体教学设计理论发展出一系列教学设计应遵循的原则,为教育实践提供了具有处方性意义的行动指南,属于处方性理论。解释性的学习理论为处方性的教学理论提供了扎实可靠的科学基础。在多媒体学习研究从学习理论向教学理论转化的过程中,多媒体教学设计理论是实现跃迁的关键环节,而认知负荷理论则是理论跃迁成功的关键变量。基于认知负荷理论,梅耶提出多媒体学习认知负荷三元模型,包括必要认知加工、外来认知加工和生成性认知加工。围绕这三类认知加工,梅耶及其同事进行了大量的实验研究,最终确定了12项与多媒体学习认知理论及其前提假设保持高度逻辑一贯性的多媒体教学设计原则。这些原则都是经得起实践检验的,但教学设计人员在应用的过程中,应明确各项原则的问题情境、适用范围等边际条件。     

Instructional design for distance learning

An intrinsic link exists between instructional design (ID) and distance learning (DL). Their inextricability in the real world raises specific problems of interest in the field of ID. In no other teaching/learning situation is ID so essential as in DL. The conditions of DL make it a necessity to have long-term instructional planning, cost analysis, curriculum and course development, instructional materials development and maintenance, delivery plans, and detailed evaluation rules. Without all of these components, DL simply could not happen. It took some time for this neccessity to be acknowledged, as can be seen in the history of DL. However, ID becomes even more critical as increasingly costly and complex means are used. Conditions of learning have special features in DL, such as the role of media, since the professor, teacher or instructor is replaced by media for either transmitting information or for organizing learning activities. In this paper, the term distance learning will be used to mean media-based, remote or asynchronous learning supported by an instructional system. This paper introduces general features of DL and examines essential aspects of ID for DL, with special emphasis on ID methodologies and on media selection.     

The role of context in learning and instructional design

Context is a pervasive and potent force in any learning event. Yet instructional design models contain little guidance about how to accommodate contextual elements to improve learning and transfer. This paper defines context, outlines its levels and types, specifies some pertinent contextual factors within these types, suggests methods for conducting a contextual analysis and utilizing its results for instructional design, and outlines future issues for context-based instructional design. The incorporation of a contextual approach to instruction will make our design models systemic as well as systematic.     

Case-based reasoning and instructional design: Using stories to support problem solving

With an increased emphasis on problem solving and problem-based learning in the instructional design field, new methods for task analysis and models for designing instruction are needed. An important methodology for both entails the elicitation, analysis, and inclusion of stories as a primary form of instructional support while learning to solve problems. Stories are the most natural and powerful formalism for storing and describing experiential knowledge that is essential to problem solving. The rationale and means for analyzing, organizing, and presenting stories to support problem solving are defined by case-based reasoning. Problems are solved by retrieving similar past experiences in the form of stories and applying the lessons learned from those stories to the new problems. In this paper, after justifying the use of stories as instructional supports, we describe methods for eliciting, indexing, and making stories available as instructional support for learning to solve problems.     

Independent Study in History

Increasingly, instructional pedagogies in learning contexts from classrooms to boardrooms are couched within experiential learning paradigms. The field trip is a teaching pedagogy that draws on experiential learning. The author aims to demonstrate how a field trip to Sea Islands, South Carolina, presents an opportunity for undergraduate anthropology students to experience a learning continuum from course readings and films to a firsthand experience. The effectiveness of the field trip as an instructional pedagogy is assessed. Best practices for incorporating field trips into instruction are presented.     

支架式教学:概念、手段及模式

作为一种教育策略,支架式教学概念源自于维果茨基的辅助学习概念。支架式教学的理论框架基于维果茨基的最近发展区概念,有悖于皮亚杰的强调学习过程的建构性的认知法。与支架式教学概念相近似的一个概念是克拉申的输入假设,即“1＋1”可理解输入概念。搭建支架的性质是动态的,但其主要特征仍可识别。涵盖支架式教学关键性特征的教学模式有交互式、认知学徒式、自生语言精致、自主教学策略发展等教学模式。支架式教学可通过搭脚手架策略,在认知支架、情感支架、策略支架、技术支架等领域促进学习的迁移。在支架式教学过程中,教师通常提供三种支架：媒介支架、任务支架、材料支架。尽管支架式教学可最大化优化学习效果,在其有效使用上还存在着局限。因而,“自然发展”和“教学支架”教学手段应互补。