理解创伤:新冠肺炎疫情下的多元创伤记忆

2020年初,新冠肺炎疫情在国内大规模蔓延,影响到我国大范围地区和群体。这种重大公共卫生事件经由媒介化信息的再现重构,经过受众的信息接收及反应之后,逐渐演变成创伤性事件,并形成创伤记忆。为了应对重大突发情况下的创伤反应,在充分理解疫情期间社会不同群体的创伤反应的基础之上,尝试性地提出把创伤记忆以鲜活、有效的方式呈现出来,并采取多元化的方式修复和抚慰创伤。这对个体自我修复、社会心理救助以及重大突发事件应急体系的完善等具有重要意义。     

Understanding patterns of food insecurity and family well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic using daily surveys

This paper investigates economic and psychological hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic among a diverse sample (61% Latinx; 16% White; 9% Black; 14% mixed/other race) of socioeconomically disadvantaged parents (90% mothers; mean age = 35 years) and their elementary school-aged children (ages 4–11; 49% female) in rural Pennsylvania (N = 272). Families participating in a local food assistance program reported on food insecurity (FI) and parent and child mood and behavior daily from January to May 2020. Longitudinal models revealed that FI, negative parent and child mood, and child misbehavior significantly increased when schools closed; only FI and parent depression later decreased. FI decreased most among those who received the local food assistance program; Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program receipt uniquely predicted decreases in child FI.     

Understanding effects of COVID-19 on undergraduate academic stress,motivation and coping over time

The rapid and unprecedented shift from face-to-face instruction to remote online learning as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on teaching and learning in Higher Education: students had to adapt to a new way of learning, away from typical campus settings and their peers, and to new forms of assessments. This study examined academic stress, learning strategies, motivation and ways of coping from a sample of 177 unique students from a large London university, collecting primary data via survey at three time points during the academic year 2020/21 when teaching was remote and online only. Our findings show how patterns in academic stress, learning strategies, motivation and coping vary over the course of the academic year giving novel insight into how student learning and adaptation to the situation changed over time. We also report on differences in these patterns according to year group and for those students who are the first-in-family to attend university and those who are not. Based on these findings we identify priority areas where higher education institutions should support undergraduate students and provide evidence that some groups of students may need more and targeted support to secure their ongoing learning and well-being.     

Education and the COVID-19 pandemic

PROSPECTS - The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge challenge to education systems. This Viewpoint offers guidance to teachers, institutional heads, and officials on addressing the crisis. What...     

An overview of COVID-19

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019....     

Comparison of COVID-19 and influenza characteristics

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) not only poses a serious threat to the health of people worldwide but also affects the global economy. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019, at the same time as the influenza season. However, as the treatments and prognoses of COVID-19 and influenza are different, it is important to accurately differentiate these two different respiratory tract infections on the basis of their respective early-stage characteristics. We reviewed official documents and news released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC), the United States CDC, and the World Health Organization(WHO), and we also searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database(Embase), China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang, preprinted bioRxiv and medRxiv databases for documents and guidelines from earliest available date up until October 3 rd, 2020. We obtained the latest information about COVID-19 and influenza and summarized and compared their biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological mechanisms, treatments, and prognostic factors. We show that although COVID-19 and influenza are different in many ways, there are numerous similarities;thus, in addition to using nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and antibody-based approaches, clinicians and epidemiologists should distinguish between the two using their respective characteristics in early stages. We should utilize experiences from other epidemics to provide additional guidance for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.     

Science Education in the Light of COVID-19

Science & Education - In this position paper, I examine how the history, philosophy and sociology of science (HPS) can contribute to science education in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. I...     

Effects of COVID-19 on school enrollment

We estimate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-reported school enrollment using a sample of 16-to-18-year-old youth from the January 2010 to the December 2020 Current Population Survey (CPS). The pandemic reduced the likelihood of students reporting that they were enrolled in high school by about 1.8 percentage points in April 2020 vs. in the same month in prior years, although enrollment rebounded back to typical levels by October 2020. Adverse effects on school enrollment were magnified for older vs. younger students, males vs. females, and among adolescents without a college-educated household member vs. adolescents from more educated households. Greater school responsiveness to the pandemic and high school graduation exit exams appear to have protected students from disengaging from school.     

Counselor educator workload and burnout in the era of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic brought disruption to teaching and other aspects of workload in higher education. The current study sampled 126 counselor educators about workload, compassion satisfaction, burnout, and job satisfaction. Results indicated that faculty workload and administrative responsibilities increased for counselor educators during the pandemic without adequate compensation or support.     

抗击疫情中社区“硬核”标语口号问题及其修正

通过网络收集和分析各地社区在抗击疫情过程中制作的"硬核"标语口号,发现一些社区标语口号存在用语过于粗俗、带有语言暴力、污名化、容易导致社区冲突,缺乏受众参与和正向引导等问题。究其原因,问题在于受"传者本位"式陈旧宣传观念的影响。通过引入传播学"受众本位"理念,反思社区抗疫标语口号如何能够把社会动员、引导、教育的功能和激发受众群体参与、去污名化等功能更好地结合起来。基于"受众本位"理念市场化背景的限制,以社会工作中"互为主体"的理念作为补充,促使多元主体之间形成同盟关系,为社区抗疫标语口号改良提供参考,从而让社区抗疫标语口号真正"硬核",社区更加有力。     

新冠肺炎疫情的生态伦理反思

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎重大疫情,引发了广大学者对疫情生态伦理问题的探讨。维护生态平衡,加强环境保护,是人类共同的责任,这次新冠肺炎疫情引起人们重新审视人与自然关系,特别是人与动物关系问题。尊重自然,顺应自然,保护自然,已成为新时代的重要课题。从生态哲学而言,动物是生态系统的重要组成部分,作为有意识的人类,必须遵循自然规律,维护生态平衡,促进人与自然的和谐发展,更应该承担起保护动物的责任。     

新冠肺炎疫情对文化旅游业的影响及应对之策

2019年底发生的新冠肺炎疫情给当下我国的文化旅游业的发展带来了严重的打击,几乎导致全国的旅游业陷于休眠状态。文化旅游业作为第三产业的重要组成部分,在抗"疫"的同时,应理性科学决策。反思当前文化旅游业发展中存在的供需错配、产品结构失衡和跨界融合不深等问题,激发其潜力和动能,对文化旅游业的健康发展有着重要的现实意义。     

Comparison of various flooding procedures in reducing fear and in extinguishing jump-up avoidance responding

Two experiments examined the effectiveness of three variations in flooding techniques on hastening extinction of a jump-up avoidance response (Experiment 1) and on reducing fear (Experiment 2) as assessed by the multivariate fear-assessment techniques of Corriveau and Smith (1978). Traditional flooding involved blocking the subject’s response by making the safety ledge unavailable; barrier flooding involved inserting a Plexiglas barrier in front of the safety ledge to make it inaccessible and moving the wall periodically during treatment; no-barrier flooding involved allowing subjects to jump onto the ledge periodically but, if they did so, immediately dumping them back onto the grids. In both experiments, all three flooding treatments were found to be more effective than a home cage treatment, although the no-barrier procedure was significantly more effective than the other two. In addition, activity measures revealed interesting and significant group differences in the patterns of activity shown during treatment.     

Education,the science of learning,and the COVID-19 crisis

PROSPECTS - In the COVID-19 crisis, the science of learning has two different responsibilities: first, to offer guidance about how best to deal with the impact of the current situation, including...     

疫情背景下高校继续教育培训思考与实践

新冠肺炎疫情既给高校继续教育工作带来了一场磨难与洗礼,也为高校继续教育的改革、创新与发展提供了重要突破口和宝贵机遇。本文结合现阶段高校继续教育管理与实践,梳理讨论了高校继续教育发展的现状,重点剖析了继续教育面临的历史机遇与挑战,并提出了探索线上交付课程、线下实战分享的"混合式"继续教育教学模式,探索与国外大学深入合作的继续教育模式,探索通过定位精准、政策支持来构建全民终身教育体系等建议,为今后其他高校的继续教育改革、创新与发展提供思路。     

School closures and effective in-person learning during COVID-19

We document large temporal and geographical discrepancies among prominent trackers that measure in-person, hybrid, and remote schooling in the U.S. during COVID-19. We then propose a new measure of effective in-person learning (EIPL) that combines information on schooling modes with cell phone data on school visits and estimate it for a large, representative sample of U.S. public and private schools. The EIPL measure, which we make publicly available, resolves the discrepancies across trackers and is more suitable for many quantitative questions. Consistent with other studies, we find that a school’s share of non-white students and pre-pandemic grades and size are associated with less in-person learning during the 2020–21 school year. Notably, we also find that EIPL was lower for schools in more affluent and educated localities with higher pre-pandemic spending and more emergency funding per student. These results are in large part accounted for by systematic regional differences, in particular political preferences.     

“疫情下的教育公平与均衡发展”笔谈

席卷全球的"新冠病毒肺炎疫情"给世界各地的经济、社会和文化生活带来的严重冲击,也使教育事业遭受了重大影响。各个国家和地区面对疫情掀起的在线学习热潮,作为应急之举,在很大程度上保障了受教育者的学习权利,但是也使得教育公平和均衡发展问题在疫情之中由于各方面条件的限制而被放大。乡村学校、西部地区的学生和教师,受到的影响无疑要大于东部沿海发达地区;甚至由于假期因素散落世界各地的留学生,也受到了很大影响。疫情不是常态,公平与均衡发展则是长期的任务。疫情凸显出来的一系列教育问题,为今后教育改革和发展提出了新要求,指明了新方向。     

COVID-19, mathematics education,and the evaluation of expert knowledge

Maturity and citizenship in a democracy require that laypersons are able to critically evaluate experts’ use of mathematics. Learning to critically reflect on the use of mathematics, including the acquisition of the mathematical knowledge and skills required to that end, has been repeatedly postulated as an indispensable goal of compulsory education in mathematics. However, it remained unclear in how far such reflection is possible, even for the well-educated layperson in mathematics. We use different discussions in German mass media on the pandemic policy in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis in 2020 as examples with far-reaching individual and social consequences. The selected discussions build heavily on mathematical concepts such as mortality rates, casualty numbers, reproduction numbers, and exponential growth. We identify the concepts and discuss how far they can be understood by laypersons. On the one hand, we found that some mathematical models are inappropriate, which can also be determined by laypersons. On the other hand, we found uses of mathematics where ideal concepts are intermingled with complex statistical concepts. While only the ideal concepts can be understood by laypersons, only the statistical concepts lead to actual data. The identification of both types of concepts leads to a situation where the use of mathematics evades social control and opens spaces for misconceptions and manipulation. We conclude that the evaluation of experts’ use of mathematics by laypersons is not possible in all relevant cases, and we discuss possible implications of this result.