The effects of reinforcement and strategy training on impulsive responding.

Impulsive second-grade children received strategy training or strategy training combined with primary or secondary reinforcement. All training groups showed significantly longer response latencies and significantly fewer errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test immediately following training. The reinforcement groups had significantly longer latencies than the training-only group, and there was some indication that primary reinforcement was more effective than secondary reinforcement in producing response delay. The 3 training groups did not differ significantly on error scores.     

The specific effects of incest on prepubertal girls from dysfunctional families.

In a study addressing controversies regarding the impact of incest, we postulated that clinical consequences (a) are not solely due to family dysfunctionality, (b) need not appear with global measures, and (c) are demonstrated when specific zones of functioning are examined. These hypotheses were tested with a clinical sample of 57 girls, aged 8 to 14 years, from multiproblem families, half having experienced incest. The Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL; Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1979), the Piers-Harris (1984) Self-Esteem measure and the Harter and Pike (1984) Self-Competence Scale were completed and questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted with both the girls and their clinicians. Their dossiers were analysed as well. As hypothesized, there were no differences on global measures (CBCL). In specific areas, however, the girls having undergone incest demonstrated significantly lower self-esteem, more troubled relations with their mothers, more sexualized attitudes and behaviours and more aggression turned inwardly than girls not having undergone incest from equally dysfunctional families. The powerful impact of incest on the prepubertal child is thereby underscored.     

父亲的婚姻满意度及社会支持对其参与儿童教养的影响

以400名3到7岁城市儿童的父亲为被试,考察父亲的婚姻满意度、社会支持对其参与儿童教养的影响。结果发现,父亲参与教养主要包括五个方面,婚姻满意度和主观社会支持能显著正向预测父亲参与儿童教养的这五个方面,而客观社会支持、支持的利用度均没有显著影响。     

The effects of psychotherapy on behavior problems of sexually abused deaf children.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a broad based psychotherapeutic intervention with a sample of 72 children sexually abused at a residential school for the deaf. An untreated comparison group emerged when about half of their parents refused the offer for psychotherapy provided by the school. Treated and untreated children were randomly assigned to two assessment groups: those who participated in a pretreatment assessment and those who did not. Houseparents at the residential school used the Child Behavior Checklist (CBC) to rate the pretreatment assessment children before treatment and all 72 children one year after the implementation of psychotherapy. Children receiving therapy had significantly fewer behavior problems than children not receiving therapy. There was a differential response to therapy on the basis of sex. Boys receiving therapy had significantly lower scores on the following CBC scales than the no treatment group: Total, Internal, External, Somatic, Uncommunicative, Immature, Hostile, Delinquent, Aggressive, and Hyperactive. There were no differences on the Schizoid and Obsessive scales. Girls receiving therapy had significantly lower scores than the no treatment group on the following CBC scales: Total, External, Depressed, Aggressive, and Cruel. There were no differences on the Internal, Anxious, Schizoid, Immature, Somatic, and Delinquent scales.     

The effects of provocation, intentions, and consequences on children's moral judgments.

Dutch boys 8 and 12 years old read brief stories about a harm doer whose intentions were either good or bad and whose actions resulted in either minor or serious injury to a victim. The harm doer had previously been either strongly provoked or not provoked by the victim. The older boys differentiated their evaluations of the harm doer's naughtiness on the basis of provocation and intentions, while the younger boys failed to differentiate their evaluations of the provoked harm doer on the basis of intentions. Both age groups strongly differentiated their judgments of the victim's naughtiness on the basis of his role as provoker, except when the victim was seriously injured by a bad-intentioned aggressor.     

The effects of summarization instruction on text comprehension of students with learning disabilities.

This study examined the effectiveness of a summarization strategy for increasing comprehension of expository prose in students with learning disabilities. Thirty students with learning disabilities from Grades 6 through 9 were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In addition, 15 students without disabilities served as a normal comparison group for comprehension. Students in the experimental condition were trained to criterion on five rules of summarization. Direct instruction in the summarization strategy significantly increased reading comprehension of the students in the experimental group. Strategy usage was maintained over time, and students were reported to generalize its use.     

金樱子提取液对猪油自动氧化作用的影响

金樱子水提液（RLE1）和70％乙醇提液（RLE）2表现出较强烈而稳定的抗猪油自身氧化哈败的作用，当RLE1，RLE2的添加量为4％时，其抗氧化能力与添加0．02％的抗氧化剂二丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）的作用能力相当，可将测定条件下猪油的诱导期由4天延长到15天以上。金樱子正丁醇提液（RLE）3，乙酸乙酯提液（RLE4）的添加量在2％－4％时表现出一定的抗氧化作用，但该作用较强，仅可将诱导期由4天延长到11天左右。当RLE3，RLE4的添加量达到8％时，反而表现出强烈的促进猪油氧化哈败的作用，这是对金樱子提取液具有该作用的首次报道。     

The effects of reticence on group interaction

Research regarding the effects of reticence on group interaction reveals that reticence does not necessarily impede the group process; however, reticent individuals are seen as less effective participators due to their limited vocal activity, and they are less likely to emerge as the group's leader.

Research on the effects of reticence on group interaction is reviewed and suggestions are made to instructors of the small groups course regarding helping reticent students participate in the small group.     

The effects of school quality on income

This paper uses a unique data set created by merging the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with school data from the Common Core of Data to examine the relationship between school expenditures and earnings. I find that school expenditures are related to earnings, and also positively affect the returns to schooling. This is particularly important given recent papers that have found no effect because this study is able to observe wages at later ages and is estimated for males and females. Robustness estimates find that if the sample were only observed at young ages, or estimated for white males, as has been done previously, the results would not hold. Therefore, it appears that even using an individual-level data set with students educated in this half of the century, school spending affects earnings.     

The effects of accountability on higher education

This paper analyzes the effects of a higher education accountability system in Brazil. For each discipline, colleges were assigned a grade that depended on the scores of their students on the ENC, an annual mandatory exam. These grades were then disclosed to the public and colleges were rewarded or penalized based on them. I find that the ENC had a positive effect on the education and the proportion of full-time faculty and that it increased the number of vacancies offered, applicants and enrollments. Colleges were affected differently depending on grades, ownership and academic organization, changing the distribution of students among them.     

The effects of cooperatively and competitively structured learning enironments on inter- and intrapersonal behavior.

This study examines the effects of cooperative versus competitive goal structures on the subsequent intra- and interpersonal behavior of fourth-grade children. 2 situational variables were operating in each situation: first, the variable of working on a project as a group versus as an individual; and second, the variable of public reward. Results indicate that the effects of competitively structured environments differ for winners and nonwinners and for boys and girls. Girls, both winners and nonwinners, adopt the evaluations of the experimenter and generalize worthiness or deservedness to other situations as evidenced by their prize giving to self and others. After failure to win, girls also refrain from taking a toy away from the winner. After failure to win, boys behave competitively by taking a toy away from the winner and rewarding self more relative to others. The data also suggest that boys may not have experienced cooperative winning as success.     

营养盐对小球藻生长及胞内蛋白质含量的影响

微藻含有的蛋白质、糖蛋白等活性物质具有许多重要的生物活性和生理功能.在24～26℃、自然光照的条件下,首先考察小球藻生长与胞内蛋白质积累的关系,其次利用正交设计实验考察不同浓度的营养盐对小球藻生长及胞内蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,小球藻中蛋白质的合成与积累主要发生在生长过程的平衡期.利于小球藻生长的营养盐的优化组合为:C6H12O6:2g/L,KNO3:0.8g/L,Na2PO4:0.2g/L,细胞的最大密度为6.46×107个细胞/L培养液.获得最高蛋白质含量的营养盐的优化组合为:C6H12O6:6g/L,KNO3:1.6g/L,NaH2PO4:0.2g/L,与之对应蛋白质含量为:655.4mg/g.此结果为进一步从微藻中获取单一组成的,具有重要生物和生理活性的蛋白质及糖蛋白提供了优化培养微藻的实验依据和规模化生产的基础条件.     

英语逻辑连接词在阅读理解中的作用

逻辑连接词是衔接的一种主要方式,能实现语篇的连贯。本文分析了逻辑连接词作为一种语篇衔接手段在阅读理解中的作用。文章首先解释了逻辑连接词的定义及分类,接着论述其在阅读理解两个方面的作用即对阅读策略的影响和阅读速度、效果的影响。文章最后进一步强调逻辑连接词在阅读理解及其主要问题中的极强解释力。     

The effects of globalization phenomena on educational concepts

It is becoming more and more apparent that globalization processes represent, theoretically as well as practically, a challenge for educational sciences and therefore, it must be addressed within the sphere of education. Accordingly, educational conceptions have to adapt to globafization phenomena and focus more on alternative and innovative educational concepts. The observable phenomena that appear as part of globalization then lead to the following question： Is there still space for educational concepts like emancipation, self-determination, equal opportunities and fairness in distribution, democracy and common sense？ The most indispensable tools for the development of equitable and peaceful contemporary education perspectives are a differentiated reflection on globalization phenomena and consequences, an intensive analysis and disclosure to address （global） conflict lines, the questioning of well-established concepts, the formation and embodiment of visions of the global future and the articulation of innovative education concepts. Modern social and political structures and practices have to be reoriented to combat the negative effects of globalization processes through the incorporation of more humane, socially fair and ecological principles. Educational science is sure to make an important contribution in making this a reality.