The Systems Approach and Counselor Education: Basic Features and Implications1

Radical changes in contemporary society are altering the lives of individuals in pervasive ways. Counselors are typically oblivious to these revolutionary changes due, in part, to inadequate and outdated professional education. Counseling viewed as a complex of social-psychological processes — as an applied behavioral science — needs the powerful framework provided by a “systems approach.” A system is viewed as a structure which functions as a whole due to the interdependence of its parts. A systems approach in counselor education emphasizes how specific training components can be combined most effectively and efficiently to produce outcomes stated in terms of trainee behaviors (performance). Basic characteristics of a systems approach include: (a) behaviorally stated performance objectives; (b) careful attention to relation of components; (c) information flow and feedback mechanisms; and (d) man-machine combinations. Models such as flow charts and simulation techniques are also typically involved. A systems approach, it is argued, will encourage the asking of more relevant and answerable questions. Although it may be viewed by some as too scientific, mechanistic, or complicated, a systems perspective holds the promise of more effectively preparing counselors for contemporary clients.     

The “learning disabilities” label: An experimental analysis

The “learning disability” label is a relatively new addition to the field of special education and its effects have begun to be investigated. This study examined the differences produced by two categorical labels on students impressions of the “disturbingness” of behavior and their willingness to work with the labeled child. Aggressive behaviors thought to be exhibited by learning disabled youngsters were rated differently from identical behaviors thought to be exhibited by emotionally disturbed children. Implications of this study suggest that the “LD” label may connote a milder form of disability; and that teacher and professional training institutions should consider the deleterious effects labels may convey with regard to expected behaviors.     

高职职业英语双向渗透培养模式研究

社会经济的高速发展要求高职学生具备多元、多层次职业英语能力,而目前高职通用英语和职业英语课程独立设置的模式无法实现这一目标。文章结合ESP理论和对学生学习需求的分析,提出高职职业英语双向渗透EGP←EOP→TC培养模式,力图构建培养复合型高职人才的职业英语课程体系。     

Development of a Pre-practicum Counseling Skills Model

This article presents a model and rationale for training specific counseling skills prior to the practicum experience. Recent research on counseling process and counselor behaviors is integrated into a pre-practicum training laboratory with the following objectives: reducing social behavior inappropriate to professional counseling, learning to tolerate and use silence as a tool, learning to listen, learning to identify feelings through verbal and nonverbal communication channels, developing a repertoire of counselor responses and counseling strategies, and developing a professional self-image. Acquisition of these skills and attitudes in a pre-practicum permits a consultation-professional model for practicum that focuses upon the accumulation of experience rather than skills.     

Teacher attributions for children's attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder behaviors predict experiences with children and with classroom behavioral management in a summer program practicum

Elementary school teachers often implement classroom behavioral management systems to address student misbehavior. Common problems targeted by these systems are the inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviors characteristic of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined teachers' attributions for why children display ADHD behaviors, and how such attributions affect their experiences with children in the context of interventions to manage these behaviors. Participants were 32 preservice teachers undertaking a practicum in a summer program for 137 children (Grades 1–3), some of whom had ADHD. Teachers were trained to implement classroom‐wide behavioral management. Teachers' attributions for children's ADHD behaviors were assessed using a vignette measure, before teachers had met their students or begun training on intervention techniques. When controlling for attributions regarding oppositional behavior, teachers' initial attributions for ADHD behaviors as less internal/controllable predicted children reporting more positive relationships with that teacher during the summer program. Teachers' initial attributions for ADHD behaviors as less stable predicted teachers' greater satisfaction with the intervention techniques during the summer program and their greater attunement to children's social networks. Cognitions about the causes of children's ADHD behaviors held by preservice teachers may relate to their subsequent experiences with children in the context of implementing classroom behavioral management.     

A Normativist Account of Language‐Based Learning Disability1,2

Research on learning disabilities (LD) depends upon a conceptual framework that specifies what it should explain, what kinds of data are needed, and how these data are to be arranged in order to provide a meaningful explanation. An argument is made that LD are no different in this respect than any other form of human illness. In this article, a theory of LD based on weak normativism drawn from the philosophy of medicine is presented. This theory emphasizes that cultural values (norms) determine which aspects of human experience and function are instances of ill health. Thus, ill health is fundamentally normative. However, the experiences and behaviors themselves arise out of the natural world and therefore can be explained by a culturally neutral natural science. Data from a longitudinal study of specific language impairment are used to show that academic achievement is culturally evaluated, that low achievement is disvalued, and that therefore actions are taken to help the poor achiever. Spoken language abilities in kindergarten are associated with judgments of the adequacy of fourth grade academic achievement and are mediated by reading prior to fourth grade and also via a path that is independent of reading. It is argued that poor academic achievement may be viewed as a disvalued state consistent with an illness, whereas language and reading skills can be viewed as basic causal systems that can explain the child's learning performance. Properties of this causal system are value free, except that they can inherit disvalue by their association with poor achievement. It remains to be determined whether the notion of LD is to be equated with poor achievement and therefore serve as a type of illness or whether it is to be viewed as a particular cause of poor achievement and thus functions as a type of disease associated with poor achievement. The conceptual framework lays out the alternative meanings for LD and the choice between these alternatives will ultimately depend on how it is used in the LD research community.     

基于胜任特征的校长遴选与培训体系

校长胜任特征模型是指担任校长角色、完成校长岗位职责所需要具备的胜任特征的总和。基于胜任特征的校长遴选体系包括遴选标准、遴选标准的提炼、遴选流程、遴选技术等要素,基于胜任特征的校长培训体系包括培训需求分析、培训课程规划、培训行为设计和培训效果评估等要素。从解决我国中小学校长遴选、培训制度中存在的问题来说,这一模型具有重要的人力资源管理价值。     

Visualization and Representation of Physical Systems: Wavemaker as an Aid to Conceptualizing Wave Phenomena

An understanding of wave mechanics is essential to making the leap from classical to quantum systems. Wavemaker is a simulation environment developed to reveal graphically the behavior of periodic systems using a series of increasingly sophisticated visualization tools. Individual particles in a many-particle system can be instrumented for study of kinematic behavior. Parametric representations reveal time-independent behaviors. Problems dealing with propagation, reflection, and Fourier synthesis are easily studied. Use with students has revealed that many students have preconceptions about the behavior of waves and that use of this software is helpful in connecting real to simulated systems, separating holistic behaviors from those of individual elements, identifying critical parameters, and making connections between variables that are used to describe and measure periodic systems.     

卓越工程人才产学研合作培养模式的探索

在世界经济日趋全球化的形势下,中国要保持高速可持续发展,必须依靠产业转型、升级和创新,这对我国工程创新人才在数量和质量上提出了新的、更高的要求。天津大学在借鉴国外工程专业认证机构的标准并广泛听取各界意见的基础上,拟定卓越工程创新人才培养目标,并根据培养目标细化培养标准,深化与企业的产学研合作,共同构建卓越工程创新人才培...     

The effects of activity conditioned in random CS/US training on performance in autoshaping

Random presentations of keylights and food retarded acquisition and suppressed asymptotic rates of keypecking in autoshaping. Sequences of 10 sessions of random training alternated with 10 sessions of autoshaping resulted in poor performance (in terms of both the acquisition and asymptotic indices) relative to a group that received sequences of CS-only (rather than random) training alternating with autoshaping. When the birds that previously were trained with the random sequence were exposed to CS-alone extinction, retardation of acquisition was alleviated but the asymptotic suppression was not (Experiment 1). Pigeons with a history of autoshaping without prior random training showed no asymptotic suppression when exposed to the random procedure. These birds, when switched between two-session sequences of random training alternating with two-session sequences of autoshaping, were able to (1) surpass pigeons that received CS-only rather than random treatment in terms of asymptotic levels of responding in autoshaping, and (2) showed improvement in extinction performance with repeated random/autoshaping sequences (Experiment 2). Detailed observations of pigeons in random training showed that stereotypic activity behaviors were acquired, and these generally persisted in autoshaping; the degree of change in these behaviors was related to asymptotic rates of keypecking in autoshaping (Experiment 3). The same kinds of behaviors were observed when pigeons initially were autoshaped, and these persisted in subsequent random and fixed-interval 10-sec training. We suggest that the suppression effect is reflected in activity, conditioned in random training, which persists in autoshaping (especially if the activity is compatible with the kinds of behaviors elicited by the autoshaping contingency itself), and that the effect may be a deficit due to performance factors rather than to associative learning.     

Seven deadly sins of childhood: advising parents about difficult developmental phases

Seven of the more difficult developmental phases for any parent to deal with are colic, awakening at night, separation anxiety, normal exploratory behavior, normal negativism, normal poor appetite, and toilet training resistance. For the child living in a high-risk family, these innocent acts can trigger dangerous or even deadly abuse. The two behaviors most commonly associated with fatal abuse are colic and toilet training. When we recognize a child who is going through a provocative phase, we should be prepared to advise the parents on some practical alternatives to a physical response. Such advice is welcomed by most types of families. Any treatment plan for an abusive family that fails to include this type of problem solving may be inadequate.     

加强管理,切实提高民族院校本科生毕业论文(设计)质量

毕业论文（设计）是本科专业教学计划的重要组成部分,是实现培养目标的重要教学环节。为进一步提高本科生毕业论文（设计）质量,使本科教育适应新世纪对未来人才的要求,民族院校应在管理上采取一系列有效措施。     

The effects of qualitative and quantitative variation in the US on individual components of Pavlovian appetitive conditioned behavior in rats

The form of rats’ Pavlovian conditioned responses to visual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) paired with a variety of unconditioned stimuli (USs) was examined in three experiments using direct behavioral observation techniques. In Experiment 1, the form of conditioned behavior occurring most frequently during later portions of the CS-US interval depended only on which of several appetitive USs was used, but the form of behavior occurring most frequently during early portions of the CS-US interval depended only on the nature of the CS. US-dependent behaviors resembled the response to the US, and CS-dependent behaviors resembled the original orienting response (OR) to the CS. In Experiment 2, the use of larger magnitude appetitive USs resulted in higher frequencies of US-dependent behaviors, but lower frequencies of CS-dependent behaviors in the presence of auditory and visual CSs. In Experiment 3, US-dependent conditioned behavior to auditory and visual CSs paired with shock was more frequent when high-intensity shocks were used, but CS-dependent behavior was more frequent when low-intensity shocks were used. These results suggested that Pavlovian conditioned responding may involve two independent types of behavior—one appropriate to the US and another based on the original OR to the CS.     

数控技术专业课程体系开发与建设的研究

基于工作过程系统化的课程体系开发与建设,是当前课程改革的突破口。课程体系开发要符合职业能力培养目标的要求,要符合职业成长的规律的要求。可通过企业调研和专家访谈,确定数控技术专业典型工作任务,进行职业行动领域归纳,设计学习领域课程并实施。这种教育方式能提高教学效率,同时对教师也提出了更高的要求。     

论教师的学生行为观察

关注学生是教师专业发展的必然要求之一,也是教师的职业行为特征之一.学生行为观察是学生关注的直接体现,学生的直接行为、间接行为以及行为环境都是观察的重要对象;教师对于学生行为的观察以意义单元为单位进行,意义单元与特定的教育目标相关联,科学的行为观察要求将行为划分成多个维度的意义单元后进行.     

体育运动学校田径训练的目标引导体系的构建

体育运动学校的田径训练是一项系统的工程,而为获却良好的训练效果,对训练目标的科学理性的制定,是其中较为关键的环节。而为了确保所制定目标的实现,需要建立起与之相适应的目标引导体系。本文对体育运动学校田径训练目标引导体系的构建进行阐述与分析,其目的在于为提高体育运动学校的田径训练效果,提供必要的理论借鉴与参考。     

正向行为支持的特点分析

行为问题是有特殊需求学生不被普通教育接受的最大原因,适当行为技术的运用是形成良好行为的关键。教育理论和实践的进步,都强调正向行为支持,本文将对正向行为支持技术进行总结并分析其不同于其他行为技术的七个特点:强调支持;相信行为的目的性、功能性;强调团队合作;给予适当的行为训练内容;注重预防;成效评估注重生活方式的改变和生活品质的提高;关注一生的规划等。     

Direct Behavioral Consultation in Head Start to Increase Teacher Use of Praise and Effective Instruction Delivery

Chronic disruptive behaviors during early childhood are associated with many poor developmental outcomes including, but not limited to, school dropout and conduct disorder during adolescence. Much is known regarding effective intervention procedures for disruptive classroom behaviors by preschool children. Unfortunately, evidence-based intervention procedures may not be implemented with integrity in applied settings. Direct behavioral consultation may increase teacher intervention integrity because of direct training procedures used with teachers and students during routine classroom activities. This study evaluated a nondisruptive direct training method for increasing Head Start teachers' use of praise and effective instruction delivery. Results indicated that the direct training procedure implemented during routine instructional activities resulted in increased use of praise and effective instruction delivery that maintained following training. Additionally, increased use of praise and effective instruction delivery resulted in reductions in children's disruptive classroom behavior.     

Identification of Child Pedestrian Training Objectives: the role of task analysis and empirical research

The aim of this study is to demonstrate that child pedestrian training objectives may be identified systematically and that this can be done through various task analysis methods, making use of different types of empirical information.
Some early approaches to the analysis of pedestrian tasks are reviewed in the framework of several theoretical approaches to task analysis. We present an outline of the Traffic Research Centre's pedestrian task analysis and of its use in the specification of the concrete objectives for an experimental child pedestrian training programme.
Selections of the objectives for pre-school children were made on the basis of importance and feasibility. Importance was assessed on the basis of various ways of analysing actual task performance, including studies on exposure, behaviour and accidents. Feasibility of objectives was assessed by using a model for the analysis of psychological ability requirements. The objectives selected are presented in the form of concrete teaching routines. These are operationalized in terms of the conditions under which the behaviour trained should be displayed. Validation of the objectives arrived at is considered feasible through further empirical research.     

对幼儿园发展管理的探索与思考——以一名幼儿园管理者的视角

在幼儿园发展中,坚定教职员工共同的教育信念,明确教职员工关于幼儿教育的阶段培养目标,增加教职的专业发展动力,建构完善的立体教育评价体系,形成社区、幼儿园、家庭三方教育合力等五个方面是幼儿园管理者有效的管理行为.