论意大利文艺复兴时期寡妇再嫁的制约因素

在文艺复兴时期的意大利,由于受婚姻模式等因素的影响,很多女性成为寡妇。男女在丧偶或离婚之后都有可能再婚。不过,人们对再婚的讨论往往指向女性,这也使得寡妇在再嫁时背负着沉重的社会舆论压力。除此之外,寡妇再嫁时还会受到夫家的挽留、年龄、社会阶层等多重因素的影响。这说明,尽管寡妇相比于其他女性在生活状态方面有较多的选择,但就再嫁而言,她们仍处于不利地位。     

从《儒林外史》看清初妾的社会与家庭地位

妾在中国古代历史上的地位低妻一等，接近于奴仆。从清代吴敬梓的《儒林外史》中可以看到，不仅妾进入夫家时没有正常的婚姻仪式，往后即便当上填房，她的地位仍将借助于子嗣得以维系。若不幸丧夫失子，同样面临着被夫家亲房侵夺名分、财产乃至再嫁的危险。     

宋代妇女再嫁的法律纠纷——以《名公书判清明集》为中心的考察

宋代妇女再嫁风气的盛行,引发了层出不穷的法律纠纷。这些纠纷可大致分为三类：与亲属间的纠纷、奁产纠纷、接脚夫问题。总体来看,宋代法律维护妇女的再嫁权利,保护再嫁妇对其奁产的所有权与支配权,同时限制和打击再嫁妇对夫家家产的觊觎或侵占。纷繁复杂的再嫁妇女法律纠纷,一方面反映了宋代妇女再嫁现象的普遍性与多样性,另一方面也揭示了商品经济发展时代下新型婚姻观与财产观。     

近代早期英格兰城市的寡妇再嫁问题分析——以商人和匠人寡妇为例

16至17世纪上半期,英格兰城市的商人和匠人寡妇不仅乐于再嫁而且急于再嫁,其对象往往是比自己年轻的男子。这一特征的形成既与寡妇所处的社会阶层密不可分,也与她们生活在城市有关。她们既没有受到上层及中产阶级上层思想的钳制,也未像底层穷寡妇那样依赖于教区的救济而被摒弃于婚姻市场之外,还拥有比农村姐妹更加有利的改嫁条件。因此,她们的改嫁是常见的,也是基本未被社会文化所扭曲的一种正常现象。     

社会阶层视阈下两汉寡妇再嫁现象论析

总体而论,在两汉时期,寡妇再嫁是一种普遍存在的现象,但从西汉至东汉时期,女子寡居再嫁现象呈现出一种减少的趋势。两汉时期寡妇再嫁的原因可以归结为生理需求、谋求生存、教化不严、人口性别比例失衡、先秦遗风等几个方面,但因其所处社会阶层的不同,这些因素所起的作用又存在着较大差异。其中,生理需求、礼教淡漠是公主、官宦等社会中上阶层女子选择寡居再婚的决定因素,而生理需求、谋求生存、性别失衡、先秦遗风等因素是平民百姓等社会下层女子选择寡居再婚的主要动因。     

试论清代官方对妇女再嫁的政策和态度

在清代,官方并不阻止妇女再嫁。但是对妇女再嫁设置了诸多的限制,甚至还从一些方面打压再嫁妇女。清代官方对妇女再嫁的政策和态度有其自身的特点,其政策和态度的形成不仅是当时社会现实的体现和反映,也是当时社会大环境影响下的产物。     

也谈祥林嫂再嫁时的“出格”反抗

读了《语文教学与研究》今年三月号发表的山东杨炳辉同志的文章《怎样理解祥林嫂再嫁时的“出格”反抗》,我感到值得探讨的问题有两个:一是祥林嫂是否受了封建礼教的毒害,因而存在以寡妇再嫁为耻的思想;二是认为她受封建礼教毒害是否就等于认为她的反抗是一种维护封建礼教的行动。关于第一个问题——祥林嫂是否受了封建礼教的毒害,因而存在以寡妇再嫁为耻的     

试述蒋介石家族和陈立夫家族之间的关系

在中国近代史上，蒋介石家族和陈立夫家族都是有名的大家族，对中国政治影响很大。在有权势的大家族中，蒋家和陈家关系非常密切。蒋氏家族能有以后的兴旺发达，得缘于陈氏家族。蒋氏家族对陈氏家族很重用，陈氏家族对蒋氏家族忠心耿耿，两大家族的关系是非常密切的。     

唐代寡居妇女的生活世界

唐代墓志、笔记小说、出土文书中很多材料涉及到寡居妇女,其中包括妇女守寡的原因,寡居后的物质生活、精神状态、与娘家的关系,以及寡妇再嫁的不同原因与结果。魏晋隋唐的士族根据儒家道德要求,形成了独特的礼法门风。汉代妇女盛行自由改嫁,到唐代中、上层妇女大多选择守寡,原因在于士族礼法门风向皇室和普通民众的传播普及,这反映了儒家礼法文化正逐渐为全社会所接受。     

“从夫”还是“助父”？——春秋贵族女性的两难抉择

＂父权＂与＂夫权＂作为男权的两个方面在本质利益上是相同的,但在风云变幻的春秋时代,时有矛盾斗争的事件发生。面对这种状况,已嫁的贵族女性多是选择＂助父＂而不是＂从夫＂,这是由于春秋社会＂父权＂势力强于＂夫权＂力量。父系家族对于出嫁的女儿仍然有着极强的控制力,而出嫁之女为了自己的地位及利益,也需要父系家族的有力支持,这使得她们在＂父家＂与＂夫家＂的政治斗争中竭力维护父家的政治权益。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.