Competition,cooperation, and an adversarial model of sport

In this paper, I defend a general theory of competition and contrast it with a corresponding general theory of cooperation. I then use this analysis to critique mutualism. Building on the work of Arthur Applbaum and Joseph Heath I develop an alternative adversarial model of competitive sport, one that helps explain and is partly justified by shallow interpretivism, and argue that this model helps shows that the claim that mutualism provides us with the most defensible ethical ideal of sport is false. By replacing that view with an understanding of sporting adversarial ethics we can appreciate that the ethics of sport are more complex than has been commonly recognized.     

合作探究模式学习在中学足球体育课的实验研究

足球比赛需要团体合作,充分配合,融为一个整体才能发挥最大的优势。因此,在学校体育足球教学中实行合作探究学习,有助于提高学生足球技能,在比赛中发挥学生主观能动性以及团体协作能力。实验后得出结果:两种教学方式都能提高学生身体素质,合作探究教学方式更能提高学生足球技术、合作意识、竞争意识和群体凝聚力,实验班学生对合作探究学习的教学方式更感兴趣,评价效果优于对照班对于传统教学法的评价。     

小群体体育教学模式研究

以培养大学生面对竞争的合作能力为教育目标,改变传统的竞争性奖励结构的体育教学模式,围绕"在竞争中合作,在合作中竞争"的教育理念,制定小群体体育教学的原则和实施策略,根据不同体育选项课程的特点,构建了"分层合作式"、"问题合作式"和"探究合作式"的小群体体育教学模式。     

世界优秀男子网球运动员竞技过程技战术空间运用特征的实证研究

目的:通过对世界优秀男子网球运动员的比赛技战术分析,找出其在竞技过程中的技战术空间特征.研究对象:以2007、2008和2009三届网球大师杯赛14名参赛选手的赛事为观察对象.研究结果:运动员技战术运用时的空间结构特征存在共性,击球区域的使用频率顺序为后场＞中场＞前场,相持阶段得分效率的空间运用特征是前场＞中场＞后场,右路＞左路,得分区域比例最高的是左后场和右后场.     

世界优秀男子网球运动员竞技过程技战术空间运用特征的实证研究

目的:通过对世界优秀男子网球运动员的比赛技战术分析,找出其在竞技过程中的技战术空间特征。研究对象:以20072、008和2009三届网球大师杯赛14名参赛选手的赛事为观察对象。研究结果:运动员技战术运用时的空间结构特征存在共性,击球区域的使用频率顺序为后场>中场>前场,相持阶段得分效率的空间运用特征是前场>中场>后场,右路>左路,得分区域比例最高的是左后场和右后场。     

Dual-task assessment of a sporting skill: influence of task complexity and relationship with competitive performances

Abstract

We investigated the effect of increases in task complexity on the dual-task draw-and-pass performance of professional rugby league players. Moreover, we determined the relationship between dual-task draw-and-pass proficiency measured in isolation and draw-and-pass performances as they occurred in actual competitive matches. In Study 1, 12 rugby league players performed 2-on-1 and 3-on-2 attacking drills under single (primary skill) and dual-task (primary skill performed in conjunction with secondary-task) conditions. Reductions in draw-and-pass performance occurred when task complexity was increased from the 2-on-1 to the 3-on-2 situation. In Study 2, 58 rugby league players undertook the dual-task draw-and-pass assessment. Players then competed in National Rugby League matches with video footage coded for the number of tries scored and the activities that led to the try. A total of 303 tries were scored with 150 (49.5%) tries scored from a draw-and-pass situation. Significant associations were detected between 2-on-1 dual-task draw-and-pass performance in the isolated test condition and draw-and-pass performances in competition. These studies provide evidence of (i) the greater attentional demands of the skill of drawing-and-passing in elite team sport athletes when more players are involved and (ii) the practical utility of off-field dual-task testing in supplying information predictive of skills performance in competition.     

Season of birth distribution of elite tennis players

In many competitive sports, the use of a cut-off date for junior competition has been associated with a skewed birth date distribution in junior and senior players. The International Tennis Federation uses a junior competition year that commences on 1 January. The purpose of the current investigation was to describe the birth date distribution of 448 elite senior tennis players and 476 elite junior tennis players. There was a significant season of birth bias among elite senior players (P <?0.001), with 58.9% being born in the first 6 months of the year. There was also a significant season of birth bias among elite junior players (P <?0.001), with 59.5% being born in the first 6 months of the year. This pattern was observed in both male and female players as well as in players from different regions. The results provide evidence that it is the cut-off date for the junior competition year that is responsible for the skewed birth date distribution in tennis rather than regional or climatic factors.     

中国女子冰壶队备战2010年冬奥会的优势与不足——2008年度世界女子冰壶锦标赛中国队表现评析

通过客观地分析中国女子冰壶队本次世锦赛备战期间及比赛中在队伍组建、管理、训练和准备工作中的成功经验,指出在深研项目规律、技战术、伤病预防及竞赛心理等方面存在的问题和不足,并提出改善训练环境,利用先进的科学训练手段来监控训练工作,加强国际间的交流与合作,多参加国际级高水平的冰壶比赛,聘请高水平外籍专家系统指导训练,快速提高竞技能力,规范国家队运动员的奖励与竞争机制,充分调动运动员的训练积极性等意见和建议,旨在对中国女子冰壶队奥运备战工作提供指导和借鉴。     

分组合作学习法在体育专业网球教学中的价值探析

合作学习是新课改理念下的重要学习方式之一,这是学习方式是未来竞争社会必然的选择和客观需要。在传统体育教学中过度地强调竞争意识而忽略了学生的合作意识的渗透,竞争与合作显得格格不入,从某些方面来看,阻碍了学生合作意识的树立和培养。基于这个现状,对体育专业网球教学过程中分组合作学习法进行了有效探讨。     

Responses to Forces Influencing Cohesion As a Function of Player Status and Level of Male Varsity Basketball Competition

Abstract

This exploratory study determined if the responses of male varsity basketball players to six factors influencing cohesion were a function of level of competitive intensity and/or the importance of the players to their team. Players on intact teams from five levels of competition – elementary school, junior high school, senior high school, small college and large college–responded to a cohesion questionnaire at the end of the season. Coaches designated five players with the most game playing time as “starters” and five players with the least game playing time as “reserves.” A team factor score for Team Performance Satisfaction, Self Performance Satisfaction, Task Cohesion, Affiliation Cohesion, Desire for Recognition and Value of Membership was calculated. Each team factor score served as the dependent variable in a 2 (player status) × 5 (level of competition) analysis ofcovariance design, with teams nested in the second factor. The won-loss record served as the covariate. Results indicated that “starters” were more satisfied with their own performance, were more task conscious, had a greater affiliation desire, and valued their membership on the team to a greater degree than the “reserves.” The elementary and junior high school team members were significantly more satisfied with the team's performance, were more satisfied with their own self performance, were more affiliation conscious, and valued their team membership to a greater degree than did college team members. The interaction between player status and level of competition was not significant for any of the factor scores.     

Epidemiology of injuries in First Division Spanish football

Abstract

The aim was to examine the injuries sustained by Spanish football players in the First Division and to compare injury-related variables in the context of both competition and training. The injury data were prospectively collected from 16 teams (427 players) using a specific web-based survey during the 2008/2009 season. A total of 1293 injuries were identified (145 were recurring injuries). The overall injury incidence was 5.65 injuries per 1000 h of exposure. Injuries were much more common during competition than during training (43.53 vs. 3.55 injuries per 1000 h of exposure, P < 0.05). Most of the injuries (89.6%) involved the lower extremities, and overuse (65.7%) was the main cause. Muscle and tendon injuries were the most common types of injury (53.8%) among the players. The incidence of training injuries was greater during the pre-season and tended to decrease throughout the season, while the incidence of competition injuries increased throughout the season (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the need for injury prevention protocols in the First Division of the Spanish Football League to reduce the number of overuse injuries in the muscles and tendons in the lower extremities. In addition, special attention should be paid during the pre-season and the competitive phase II (the last four months of the season) in order to prevent training and competition injuries, respectively.     

中学体育教学中的合作教育

中学体育教学中的合作教育强化了学校体育的德育功能，有益于学校体育中德育内容的完善和德育对象的发展。中学体育教学中的合作教育，主要是对学生进行合作意识、合作精神、合作技能和合作道德教育。为实现教育目标，采取的教育策略是：努力克服影响合作的不良意识．坚持以合作教学方式为手段，为学生创设良好的合作机会，正确处理合作与竞争的关系。     

橄榄球运动损伤特征、影响因素及监控策略研究

橄榄球运动具有团体性项目中最为激烈的对抗性,这导致橄榄球运动员出现运动损伤的风险是显著的,因此如何针对橄榄球运动损伤进行有效预防成为教练员和运动员们所关注的内容。该研究主要基于英语文献,对橄榄球项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及监控策略进行了梳理与分析,研究表明(1)橄榄球运动员的损伤类型、部位和严重程度具有明显的橄榄球专项特征,依据橄榄球运动员主要损伤类型、部位及严重程度采取针对性的预防措施能够降低球队的伤病风险;(2)橄榄球运动员运动损伤的影响因素主要包括伤病史、比赛与训练负荷、竞技水平、年龄与性别、接触动作、球员位置以及疲劳,依据运动损伤影响因素对训练和比赛过程进行合理控制能够减少运动损伤对球队整体竞技能力的影响;(3)橄榄球运动员的损伤监控策略主要包括运动损伤预筛查、建立运动损伤监测系统以及进行多学科合作参与,通过对橄榄球运动损伤监控策略的应用和探索可以从根源上提高橄榄球队的运动损伤监控效果。     

浅析排球运动员的补液

排球运动员在比赛过程中,会由于体内糖的消耗、脱水和电解质的丢失,从而诱发疲劳产生,使运动能力下降。本文从排球比赛特点及运动员运动特征角度分析,提出科学合理的补液方案,为排球运动员改善体内代谢过程、提高运动能力、推迟运动性疲劳的出现和加速疲劳的恢复提供理论依据。     

武术套路运动员比赛应对策略的积极心理干预效应

对武术套路运动员6周比赛应对策略积极心理学干预进行试验研究,旨在提高运动员的竞技心理能力;促进积极心理学在运动训练竞赛中的应用.研究结果显示,相对于控制组而言,干预组运动员经过6周积极心理干预后,比赛临场预备时的应对策略中"比赛准备"的句子比例显著高于控制组;干预组前测与后测对比:竞赛策略量表中的"自我谈话"策略和"自动化"策略的得分显著提高,控制组没有显著性变化;干预组运动员比赛成绩平均总分显著高于控制组.对运动员比赛应对策略的积极心理干预可以启发运动员建立比赛行为程序,有效调节心态,稳定发挥运动技术水平;人格特征和认知的积极干预启发运动员认识自己,明确目标;面对问题积极评价,积极应对.     

我国艺术体操竞赛方法改革探讨

通过对１９９７年日本“ＡＥＯＮ杯世界艺术体操锦标赛”和１９９８年我国“艺术体操锦标赛”竞赛方法改革及效果的分析探讨,说明改革参赛办法,扩大参赛人数,增加竞赛的对抗性、趣味性和观赏性,才能提高艺术体操竞赛的社会效益和经济效益     

Consequences of the limit on foreign players in Russian football

This paper examines how a limit on foreign players has influenced national football in Russia. For this purpose, the effects on competition in the league, number of new young players in the national team and commercial value are investigated. Both positive and negative effects are examined. On the one hand, a quota on foreign players raised the competition in the Russian Premier League and captured attention of club owners on the development of youth academies. On the other hand, the negative effects included the reduction in the number of young players in the Russia national team, and the restriction in the invitation of international stars slowed down the growth of match attendance and commercial value. Therefore, because of the current limit, Russia became less competitive. However, if some of the measures suggested in this paper were to be implemented, Russia might improve its development of national football.     

Tournament structure and nations' success in women's professional tennis

Abstract

The relationship between domestic professional tournament structure in women's tennis and the subsequent professional ranking success of a nation's female players is examined. The 2003 women's professional tennis tournament calendar provided the distribution of events in 33 countries. Criteria used to classify nations' success in women's professional tennis were as follows: number of players with Women's Tennis Association (WTA) points, number of players with Top 200 rankings, and the combined WTA ranking of a nation's Top 5 female players. Pearson product – moment correlations were performed between the number of tournaments and the three criteria. Considerable variation was observed in the number of events organized between nations (USA, n = 56; Thailand, n = 3). All countries had internationally ranked female players, and 24 nations had players ranked in the Top 200. Results revealed relationships between a nation's number of women's professional events and both that nation's number of professionally ranked players (r = 0.60; P < 0.01) and Top 200 players (r = 0.60; P < 0.01), as well as the combined ranking of their Top 5 players (r = ?0.52; P < 0.01). While a similar association was found between the number of professional events and players ranked in the men's game, there was no significant correlation between events held and the combined standing of nations' best five ranked players. Governing bodies and national associations in tennis should consider the provision of professional, domestic competition as key to the development of female tennis players.