"人文奥运":竞技人性的复归

随着现代奥运会不断地趋向于政治化、职业化、商品化,竞技中的异化现象日益凸显出来。从对“人奥运”理念内涵的理解,揭示现代竞技异化现象,指出“人奥运”理念有助于竞技人性的复归,促进竞技运动和谐、健康发展。     

论北京奥运会后中国竞技体育的价值取向和策略取向

2008年北京奥运会中国登上奥运金牌榜的首席,无论在我国体育史还是现代奥运史上都具有里程碑意义。中国竞技体育的突飞猛进已经改变了世界的体育格局,但其发展道路虽然成功却不是无懈可击。从告别悲情体育,走进快乐体育;结束焦虑体育,迎接自信体育;正视金牌体育,欣赏魅力体育;调整奥运体育,发展多元体育和审视申办体育,关注效应体育等5个方面探讨了北京奥运会后中国竞技体育的价值取向和策略取向,并就其中某些问题进行了反思和批评,以期为中国体育的长远发展提供有益借鉴。     

奥林匹克运动在中国的发展(二)

以体育为载体的国际社会文化活动——奥林匹克运动,在19世纪末期诞生不久,即随着西方近代体育文化的传入被介绍到了中华大地,为奥林匹克运动在近代中国的发展和普及起到了推动作用。新中国的成立,为奥林匹克运动在中国的进一步发展提供了前所未有的机遇,奥林匹克运动与中国文化背景逐渐交流、融合,并在中华大地得到了空前的发展,形成了当代中国体育的主流。进入20世纪80年代后,中国民众对以奥运会为代表的奥林匹克的关注程度,甚至高于对其他许多社会问题的关心。现代体育意识和奥运意识以潜移默化的方式,逐渐深入人心,成为当代中国发展奥林匹克运动的一大特色。     

Modern pentathlon and the First World War: when athletes and soldiers met to practise martial manliness

In the nationalistic atmosphere of the early twentieth century, a nurturing medium for sports practising martial manliness abounded throughout Europe. This framework supported the invention of a new multi-disciplinary sport, aided by Baron Pierre de Coubertin himself: modern pentathlon. Though the idea of a new form of pentathlon was already born in 1894, it took 30 years, until Paris 1924, to establish modern pentathlon within the Olympic Games. This study is concerned with the reasons for that delay. It will be assessed whether the active military preparations around the First World War and the contemporary image of masculinity had a decisive influence on the early history of modern pentathlon. By including historical documents from the IOC archives in Lausanne, Switzerland, the research office for military history in Potsdam, Germany, and the LA84 Foundation in Los Angeles, USA, as well as literature on gender, military sport and Olympic history, this study offers an entirely new view on the early history of a sport that was born in an atmosphere of glorifying manliness and apparent militarism. The history of modern pentathlon thereby provides a particularly appropriate area for the analysis of connections between sport, militarism and masculinity. It was not by chance that the implementation of a combined sport, which included besides swimming and running the three military disciplines of shooting, fencing and horse riding, arose in a pre-war context. Though in 1912 the Great War had not yet begun, the awareness of an upcoming battle was rising and led to a higher attention to Coubertin's almost forgotten assumption of a new sport. In 1924 the advantages were finally admitted on two sides: the army recruited modern pentathletes as future military officers; the sports community appointed skilled officers as successful competitors. Thus the lobby for an Olympic recognition of modern pentathlon was found.     

奥林匹克文化·少数民族传统体育文化·差异与融合——福建电视台《走南闯北》栏目奥运特别节目"锦绣民族荟"随记

各民族在历史发展过程中形成自己特有的文化,也形成自己独具特色的少数民族传统体育文化。在奥林匹克全球化的今天,中国少数民族传统体育文化能否与奥林匹克文化的融合和互补,以达到继承和弘扬中国少数民族传统体育文化,是对现代奥林匹克文化的补充与贡献,并能促进两者之间有机结合。     

Equestrian Sport at the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1948

Olympic equestrian sport has to date evolved through three distinct phases of development. The genesis of equestrian sport in the modern Olympics began in 1900 and was predominantly shaped by military influences until 1948. Pre-1900 equestrian sport existed in various forms around the world primarily to develop and practice skills of hunting and warfare. At this time, equestrian sport lacked governance and internationally standardized rules. This paper’s aim is to explore the influence of the military on the first phase of equestrian sport development in the Olympic Games between 1900 and 1948 with regards to their format and rules. Through thematic analysis of the narratives evident in the literature, we highlight influential military developments/changes that occurred outside the confines of sport, and place the sociocultural development of equestrianism within this framework. This reconstructive approach has enabled us to highlight the relevance of the military influence on the development of equestrian sport. Through the identification and analysis of perceptions of Olympic equestrianism, which are centred upon the Eurocentric, military-influenced development of the sport, the paper also discusses implicit and explicit references to, and the relevance of, masculinity elitism and social class, along with issues of amateurism and professionalism.     

William Penny Brookes – the Founding Father of the Modern Pentathlon?

For a long time William Penny Brookes' influence on the re-establishment of the Olympic Games has been neglected thanks to a focus on Pierre de Coubertin's creative force. Meanwhile Brookes' general work for the Olympic movement has been officially acknowledged by the IOC. However, the British origins have not been proved yet for the modern pentathlon, which is – just like the Olympics – widely presented to be Coubertin's child. The two sport officials had been in touch since the 1890s and while the Olympic Games did not include the modern pentathlon before 1912, a pentathlon was organised as early as 1868 on the occasion of the Wenlock Games. This combined event did not have the same shape as the later modern pentathlon, but the ideological similarities are as obvious as Brookes' general impact on Coubertin. By analysing historical documents located in the IOC Archives in Lausanne, Switzerland, the Archives of the Wenlock Olympian Society in Much Wenlock, UK, and the National Archives of Sweden in Stockholm, this study aims to trace to what extent Brookes and the Much Wenlock Games impacted upon the birth of the modern pentathlon. Thus, the study reinterprets the genesis of a 100-year-old Olympic sport that has, until today, been exclusively dedicated to Coubertin.     

奥林匹克运动在中国的发展(一)

以体育为载体的国际社会文化活动——奥林匹克运动,在19世纪末期诞生不久,即随着西方近代体育文化的传入被介绍到了中华大地,为奥林匹克运动在近代中国的发展和普及起到了推动作用。新中国的成立,为奥林匹克运动在中国的进一步发展提供了前所未有的机遇,奥林匹克运动与中国文化背景逐渐交流、融合,并在中华大地得到了空前的发展,形成了当代中国体育的主流。进入20世纪80年代后,中国民众对以奥运会为代表的奥林匹克的关注程度,甚至高于对其他许多社会问题的关心。现代体育意识和奥运意识以潜移默化的方式,逐渐深入人心,成为当代中国发展奥林匹克运动的一大特色。     

Monarchy,Socialism and Modern Capitalism: Hungary's Participation in Three London Olympic Games

Olympic sport is a double-edged sword. It has the potential to bring nations together and to transmit values, but it can also demonstrate international political tensions and conflicting national structural characteristics. As part of the International Olympic Movement from the very beginning, Hungary is one of the few nations to have taken part in the (Summer) Olympic Games in London for the third time. The Olympic presence of Hungary has been almost continuous in spite of the significant transformations of its state ideology, sport structures and political background. In 1908, within the framework of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the Hungarian Kingdom endeavoured to demonstrate its autonomy and courage with its memorable Olympic successes in London. A People's Republic was being formed in Hungary at the time of the second London Olympic Games in 1948. The socialist ideology and the self-display of socialist–communist ambitions characterised the preparation and the participation of the Hungarian athletes. Hungary is celebrating the year of its third London Games with a democratic system in the background, built up from 1989, and a new Constitution adopted in 2011. Furthermore, the Hungarian Sport Act was renewed in 2012, due to which the Hungarian Olympic Committee has gained increased power, which might provide new ways of solving the financial problems within Hungarian elite sport.     

论德国近代体育之父古兹姆茨对学校体育发展的贡献

古兹姆茨是世界上第一个提出恢复古代奥林匹克运动的人。他对奥林匹克的热情呼唤,不仅铸造了强盛的日尔曼民族的体质,而且推动了现代学校体育的发展。他出版的世界上第一本学校体育教科书《青年少体操》为青少年的全面发展提供了手段和方法。本文利用文献分析法,就相关研究文献和资料进行理论分析,本文论述这位"近代体育之父"教育理想的渊源,分析其思想内涵价值和特点以及对现代学校体育的贡献,从中发掘对于完善我国学校体育产生积极影响的内容。     

2008年北京奥运会与中国的和平崛起

通过对西方现实主义国际关系理论的分析和批判,阐述通过举办奥运会,让中国运动健儿在奥运会上振兴中华文化,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要战略步骤。因此,及时调整我们的奥运文化策略,从维护国家主权和民族生存的高度保护华夏民族的传统文化,并与奥运文化相结合,将其发扬光大,不断增强我国的文化国力,实现中华文化的更新发展和国家的崛起。     

世博会与奥运会合作的历史演进及现实思考

文章在总结奥运会与世博会合作的基础上,重点梳理了两大盛会合作的历史背景与功效,指出两大盛会的三次合作对于现代奥运会和世博会的发展有着重要的推动作用,提出了现代奥运会的意义已远远超越了体育本身,世博会的价值也不再只局限于对经济和科技的推动,两大盛会在精神和文化层面存在着相互带动和促进,在精神和文化价值方面有着认同;最后从两大盛会举办权的争夺、参与国家和人数以及赛事盈亏能力等方面进行了对比与分析。     

论奥林匹克文化

奥林匹克运动是以教育为核心、体育为载体的国际化现象。因此，从化的视角来审视奥林匹克运动十分必要。奥林匹克化是以西方化为主导的多元化；奥林匹克化是以教育为核心、体育为载体的化；奥林匹克化是具有远大理想和催人向上的先进化。     

后现代主义设计理念对现代大型团体操设计的影响——试论2008年北京奥运会开幕式设计

后现代主义设计理念是指导当代艺术创作的一项准则,团体操是集体育与艺术为一体的运动项目,对于团体操工作者,了解现代设计理念,并从中汲取自己所需要的知识是非常必要的。作为有着五千年文化的文明古国,中国又将向全世界奉献一个怎样的奥运会开幕式呢?为此本文通过分析与研究,找出两者的结合点,以供参考。     

Olympic Stadiums and Cultural Heritage: On the Nature and Status of Heritage Values in Large Sport Facilities

This paper investigates Olympic stadium heritage values and their cultural significance. It outlines the main challenges in stadium conservation through the interplay between bequest and use values. A value analysis of listed Olympic stadiums reveals that these are characterized by a specific heritage profile, related to the uniqueness and singularity of the buildings, of the landscape and of the sporting event. The history of architecture and sport are clearly interwoven in these places, as Olympic stadiums appear as testimonies of the evolution of sport and its status for past and present societies. Such an interpretation of Olympic stadium heritage could allow a better Olympic and sporting heritage evaluation and conservation, especially if the ensemble of existing Olympic stadiums was considered as a World Heritage network.     

现代奥运会艺术比赛的由来和历史沿革

对现代奥运会艺术比赛的发展历程进行分析,借以说明它的重要意义和积极作用.奥运会是集文化艺术、商业活动和竞技比赛的盛大集会,现代奥运会与古代奥运会别无二致.虽然从十九世纪中叶开始,奥运会就设置了艺术比赛的项目,但由于艺术门类多样、评价标准不一等原因,是否应该设项比赛的问题始终困扰着国际奥委会和承办国,最后不得不将艺术比赛改为艺术展览.艺术与体育的审美效果具有合则双赢,离则两伤的特点.古代希腊人创立的这种模式具有非凡的文化意义和积极的社会作用,它被今天的人类继承、发扬和改良,相信它还将被永远地传承下去.     

历史视域下的“宗教竞技”及其与游戏属性的勾连

以哲学和历史的视角,对古希腊自由"信仰理性"下的竞技形式、中世纪"灵肉分离"观念下的竞技形式、近代"宗教改革"背景下的竞技形式以及有着深刻宗教情结的现代奥林匹克这一竞技形式进行分析,厘清"宗教竞技"的历史发展脉络,阐明以游戏为本质属性的竞技在各个发展时期与宗教所存在的密切联系,进一步澄明竞技本质。     

Organizational evolution and the Olympic Games: the case of sport climbing

Abstract

This paper discusses the processes underpinning the evolutionary development of sport climbing in recent decades, with a particular focus on the impact of its inclusion in the Olympic Games. New institutionalism and resource-dependence theory provide an analytical and explanatory framework for this study. The research adopted a qualitative method strategy comprising a series of interviews and the analysis of documents, reports, press and social media. The recent inclusion of the sport in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic programme has created challenges, primarily because of strong values inherent within the sport. The research, however, shows that the values of a sport can expand and develop in order to fit the regulatory legitimacy required by inclusion in the Olympic Games. Nonetheless, the research also shows that involvement with the IOC raises questions about who ‘owns’ the sport.     

跆拳道入奥对中国武术现代化的影响

武术是中华民族所特有的传统体育项目和优秀文化遗产,也是世界体育文化的一个重要组成部分。文章采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对跆拳道入奥对中国武术现代化的影响进行了深入细致的分析,结果表明:制定相对简便,可操作性强,适应现代竞技比赛的竞赛规则,是武术国际化进程中必须解决的问题,同时,应建立健全武术各类协会和组织,增强武术的观赏性和群众基础,完善武术的教学训练体系,使武术的大众化发展走向正轨;武术需要登上奥运的舞台,但这不是它的最高目标,中国武术应以自己的方式和自己的文化特色走向世界。     

构建科学与人文融合的和谐体育——复兴奥林匹克文化

奥林匹克运动是体育科学与体育人文融合的文化,奥林匹克文化和人的自由是科学体育与人文体育和谐发展的核心;奥林匹克运动正在从人类科学发展的工具——夺标与健康的功利化追求,转变为对奥林匹克文化——精神、制度、人的实质自由的追问;在体育过程中不断扩展体育个体的实质自由是复兴科学与人文和谐发展的奥林匹克文化的基础。