运用图片交换沟通系统改善自闭症儿童需求表达及攻击行为的个案研究

图片交换沟通系统是以传统的应用行为分析为理论基础,利用图片作为媒介对重度自闭症儿童沟通技能进行干预的辅助性沟通系统.本研究采用单一被试的跨情境跨行为多基线设计,对一名四岁重度自闭症幼儿进行图片交换沟通系统干预.研究结果表明图片交换沟通系统产生了积极效果,自闭症儿童的需求表达行为明显增加,而其攻击性行为也随之减少.此外,本研究为未来开展自闭症儿童图片交换沟通系统的研究与实践干预提供建议.     

高功能自闭症儿童口语表达训练个案——以图片交换沟通系统的运用为例

针对一名高功能自闭症儿童的语言沟通障碍,运用图片交换沟通系统进行为期4个月的训练,考察干预前后其口语表达能力的变化情况。结果表明,图片交换沟通系统能够改善自闭症儿童需求表达的技能,对口语表达能力有一定的促进作用。     

AAC在自闭症儿童沟通行为中的应用分析

辅助沟通系统(AAC)已广泛用于自闭症儿童的训练。为便于全面了解AAC对自闭症儿童沟通能力的影响,更好地将AAC用于自闭症儿童的沟通训练中,本文就其应用成效、特点以及研究中存在的问题进行探讨。     

听障伴孤独症特质儿童社会沟通与交往障碍的研究及启示

听障伴孤独症特质儿童存在社会沟通与交往障碍,且相对单一障碍类型表现得更为突出。研究发现,在评估方面,当前主要参照孤独症及儿童发育评估的一些工具,将直接和间接评估相结合,对听障伴孤独症特质儿童的非语言线索、语言能力进行评估。在干预方面,目前主要使用图片交换沟通系统、辅助沟通系统等直接干预策略,以及对儿童进行行为干预、对儿童父母进行相关培训等间接策略提高该类儿童的社会沟通与交往能力。基于以上研究,可通过动态调整教育安置、灵活运用优势感觉通道、综合干预、多学科干预等方式对该类儿童进行干预。     

AAC促进自闭症儿童沟通技能的研究综述

沟通障碍是孤独症儿童的主要障碍之一,但随着研究的不断深入,扩大替代沟通系统能有效地补偿孤独症儿童的沟通缺陷,促使其自发地进行沟通以及交流。笔者通过分析AAC用于提高孤独症儿童沟通技能的文献,简要介绍手势语、图片交换沟通系统、语音成输出装置的工作原理,阐明AAC在孤独症儿童沟通技能提高方面的主要应用情况和成果。     

iPad在智能障碍学生个别化教育中的应用研究

文章以《双溪心智障碍儿童个别化教育课程》七大领域中的沟通领域为主要研究内容,探讨以iPad为沟通辅具,应用"听我说"APP制定的辅助沟通介入方案对智能障碍学生沟通能力的影响.研究采用单一被试研究法中的A-B-A设计,探讨以iPad为沟通辅具的辅助沟通介入方案对无口语智能障碍学生学习功能性词语和句构的影响.研究发现以iP...     

PECS对提升无口语自闭症儿童课堂听从指令能力的个案研究

无口语自闭症儿童如何听从课堂指令一直是特殊教育所关注的焦点.为了找到有效改善无口语自闭症儿童课堂听从指令的策略,我运用由美国心理学博士Andy Bondy和言语治疗师Lori Frost所创的PECS(图片兑换沟通系统),通过用孩子喜欢的物品作为强化物来进行图片交换,让这些孩子变成主动的沟通者,逐渐学会正确的言语表达,以此习得实用的沟通技巧.我通过对个案进行相关调查研究,利用PECS的前两个方面:以物换物和扩展主动性来构架无口语自闭症儿童沟通的桥梁,建立其图片沟通能力,支持其沟通与学习,以此促进其课堂听从指令能力的发展.     

图片交换沟通系统对自闭症儿童干预有效性研究综述

众多自闭谱系障碍个体在沟通方面面临不同程度的困难,功能性语言的缺失是其中的突出问题,这严重阻碍了自闭症儿童的发展和社会融入。图片交换沟通系统通过逐步递进的六个阶段,改善儿童的沟通能力。随着图片交换沟通系统的广泛使用,众多研究者开始关注该方法的有效性。研究表明,图片交换沟通系统可以作为改善自闭症儿童功能性沟通能力的有效方法,虽然其同言语产生关系的研究尚未取得一致性结论,但它并不会阻碍言语的产生。     

PECS对促进低年级自闭症儿童主动沟通行为的干预研究

由于自闭症儿童存在自身缺陷,传统的课程教学无法取得成效.因此,文章作者结合单一变量测试法,在生活化课程中运用PECS的六个阶段进行教学,并针对六个阶段提出教学反思、教学结论与建议.文章具体以一名二年级的自闭症儿童为研究对象,利用其视觉优势,引导该生通过图片交换沟通的方式表达基本生活需求,提高了有部分口语能力的自闭症儿童...     

流动儿童亲子沟通特点及其与心理健康的关系

为探讨流动儿童亲子沟通的特点及其与心理健康的关系,采用亲子沟通问卷、主观幸福感自我评定量表、自尊问卷和问题行为问卷对北京市1016名流动儿童和446名城市户籍儿童施测.结果发现,与城市儿童相比,流动儿童亲子沟通的频率、时间和主动性较低.在亲子沟通各维度上,城市儿童得分都显著高于流动儿童.在流动儿童与父母沟通的倾听反应维度上,女生得分高于男生.在父子沟通的开放表达、分歧冲突解决和理解性维度和母子沟通的开放表达和倾听反应维度上,存在显著的年级差异,初二年级得分最低.流动儿童亲子沟通的开放表达、理解性和分歧冲突解决维度可正向预测主观幸福感,亲子沟通的四个维度都可正向预测自尊,开放表达和理解性负向预测内化问题行为,理解性、倾听反应和分歧冲突解决负向预测外化问题行为.由此可以得出如下结论,流动儿童与父母的沟通频率低,时间短,主动性不强,沟通质量较低.亲子沟通各维度可显著预测流动儿童的心理健康水平.     

Speech and language therapy provision for children using augmentative and alternative communication systems

A proportion of children with physical impairments experience significant difficulties in communicating with others and may be recommended augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems such as speech synthesizers and symbol charts to support ‘natural’ communication skills. However, AAC systems are often under-utilized. Parents have identified barriers to AAC system use to include the organization of speech and language therapy. Speech and language therapists are developing services to school-aged children in response to changes in education, health reforms and models of speech and language development. However, there is little evidence for commissioners of children's services about what constitutes ‘enough’ or ‘good’ speech and language therapy. This paper examines speech and language therapy provision to 23 children using AAC systems in six London authorities. Research strategies include documenting the amount, type, organization and objectives of provision. Evidence for collaboration between school staff and therapists is explored, analysis is made of child characteristics associated with provision and criteria for decision-making documented through interviews with therapists. However, little conjunction exists between what therapists said guided their decision-making concerning provision and observed provision. For the children surveyed in this study it seems that that provision in amount of therapy is related to educational placement rather than individual needs.     

Profile of Australian preschool children with speech sound disorders at risk for literacy difficulties

Abstract

Speech sound disorders are a common communication difficulty in preschool children. Teachers indicate difficulty identifying and supporting these children. The aim of this research was to describe speech and language characteristics of children identified by their parents and/or teachers as having possible communication concerns. 275 Australian 4- to 5-year-old children from 45 preschools whose parents and teachers were concerned about their talking participated in speech-language pathology assessments to examine speech, language, literacy, non-verbal intelligence, oromotor skills and hearing. The majority (71.3%) of children demonstrated lower consonant accuracy than expected for their age, 63.9% did not pass the language-screening task, 65.5% had not been assessed and 72.4% had not received intervention from a speech-language pathologist. The 132 children who were identified with speech sound disorder (phonological impairment) were more likely to be male (62.9%) who were unintelligible to unfamiliar listeners, and had poor emergent literacy and phonological processing skills, despite having typical hearing, oral structures, and intelligence. Children identified by parents and teachers with concerns may have a range of speech, language and communication needs requiring professional support.     

Professional roles and responsibilities in meeting the needs of children with speech,language and communication needs: joint working between educational psychologists and speech and language therapists

There is a large population of children with speech, language and communication needs who have additional special educational needs (SEN). Whilst professional collaboration between education and health professionals is recommended to ensure an integrated delivery of statutory services for this population of children, formal frameworks should be developed for the exchange of information during identification and assessment of needs and planning of intervention strategies. In this study an audit was carried out to examine practical and conceptual issues which might arise in a piloted communication system between educational psychologists and speech and language therapists. Whilst it was found that 62.8% of newly referred children with SEN had some history of co‐existing communication and education needs, it was shown that duplication of work exists and communication is onerous. It was also shown that schools were not fully informed about children’s needs. Joint commissioning of services is required to facilitate individual practitioners in collaborating to serve the needs of these children.     

Language codes and sense-making among deaf schoolchildren

There are at least two languages (American Sign Language [ASL], English) and three modalities (sign, speech, print) in most deaf individuals' lives. Mixing of ASL and English in utterances of deaf adults has been described in various ways (pidgins, diglossia, language contact, bilingualism), but children's mixing usually is treated as the 'fault' of poor input language. Alternatively, how might language mixing serve their communication goals? This article describes code variations and adaptations to particular situations. Deaf children were seen to exhibit a wide variety of linguistic structures mixing ASL, English, Spanish, signing, and speaking. Formal lessons supported a recoding of English print as sign and speech, but the children who communicated English speech were the two who could hear speech. The children who communicated ASL were those who had deaf parents communicating ASL or who identified with deaf houseparents communicating ASL. Most language produced by the teacher and children in this study was mixed in code and mode. While some mixing was related to acquisition and proficiency, mixing, a strategy of many deaf individuals, uniquely adapts linguistic resources to communication needs. Investigating deaf children's language by comparing it to standard English or ASL overlooks the rich strategies of mixing that are central to their communication experience.     

Can Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders “Hear” a Speaking Face?

This study used eye-tracking methodology to assess audiovisual speech perception in 26 children ranging in age from 5 to 15 years, half with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and half with typical development. Given the characteristic reduction in gaze to the faces of others in children with ASD, it was hypothesized that they would show reduced influence of visual information on heard speech. Responses were compared on a set of auditory, visual, and audiovisual speech perception tasks. Even when fixated on the face of the speaker, children with ASD were less visually influenced than typical development controls. This indicates fundamental differences in the processing of audiovisual speech in children with ASD, which may contribute to their language and communication impairments.     

孤独症儿童的语言障碍及语言发展

孤独症儿童是一个特殊的群体,他们游离于主流社会之外,生活在封闭的世界里,对外面的一切漠不关心。他们即使外表正常,但是言语和交际方面的障碍阻碍了他们进入社会群体的道路,怎样帮助他们克服言语交际方面的困难是帮助他们的关键。本文分析了孤独症儿童的语言障碍并提出在言语方面的帮助措施,以探讨对这一残障儿童的治疗方法。     

Coherent speech features of over-Fives in the context of communication with equals and adults

The purpose of this research is to study the coherent speech features of over-fives with the general speech underdevelopment (GSUD) in the context of communication with their equals and adults in the kindergarten. Discussion is the leading research method. Speech coherence and independence levels are taken as the main parameters of the experimental analysis. This research involved 30 children at the age over five (5 years 3 months to 5 years 7 months). This research has shown that the goal of developing coherent speech in a kindergarten is set and achieved mainly through reading the fiction, but not in detail when it comes to fairy tales. Research results can be used by speech therapists, teachers and parents developing the coherent dialogical and monological speech in over-fives with the GSUD, as well as for drawing up specialised education programmes for children with the GSUD.     

'I wasn't trained to work with them': mainstream teachers' attitudes to children with speech and language difficulties

Approximately one-eighth of early school-aged children in the UK have speech and language difficulties. Many such children are now being educated in mainstream settings. However, there is a dearth of up-to-date and valid research that considers UK (student) teachers' attitudes towards such children. Two hundred and sixty-eight trainee teachers (PGCE students) from Manchester were given two questionnaires, containing both closed and open questions, to measure their attitudes towards and experiences with children with speech and language difficulties. A range of attitudes was expressed and most concern was around the issues of resources (both time and knowledge based). Most teachers were positive about their expectations of such children. Attitudes were not significantly related to teachers' gender, teaching type/subject, previous knowledge of someone with speech and language difficulties or experience of children with such difficulties. Views on the educational placement for children with a range of communication difficulties varied. The authors consider that two-pronged action is needed to facilitate an improvement: a greater focus on the inclusion debate (not specifically tied to this group of children) and also additional knowledge and resources.     

Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants

Previous research on children with cochlear implants has focused mostly on their speech perception and production. With the growing numbers of children who use the implant, it is important to assess other aspects of these children's functioning. This article offers a qualitative and quantitative analysis of interviews with parents who described their children's communication skills and peer relationships before they had the implant and afterward. Results show that the implant has the potential to improve deaf children's relationships with hearing peers. Nonetheless, children with implants still face communication obstacles, which impede their social relationships with hearing peers. Results are discussed in light of the different points of view of various "stake holders" regarding cochlear implants in children.