ITS中的教学模块著作

ITS一般是由四个主要部分组成的：学生模块,教学模块,领域知识和人机界面。其中的教学模块是根据学生模型中的信息来决定应该把什么样的领域知识呈现给学习者,这些知识是怎样排列的,和应该提供什么形式的反馈等教学策略问题。本文通过对三个ITS著作工具中的教学模块著作进行分析,展示不同的构建教学模块方法并提出了基于本体的教学模块著作方法。     

基于OWL的网络管理领域本体构建方法

为了解决网络管理信息语义描述的问题,通过研究本体理论、OWL本体语言和描述逻辑,提出基于OWL语言的网络管理领域本体构建方法．领域专家首先获取网络管理领域已有知识,然后定义类、属性、实例以及公理并用OWL语言形式化本体．最后通过用Protege工具构建局域网部分本体的实验验证,结果表明该方法是可行的．     

基于地理本体的地理时空信息表达研究

本文就利用地理本体的强大的知识表达能力来表达地理时空信息的语义关系和时空关系进行了探讨,同时使用基于本体的多维地理时空信息的分类方法和描述逻辑语言OWL在Protege本体构建工具中构建了地理时空信息本体。     

知识的发展价值及其实现

知识的价值可分为本体价值与工具价值两类。虽从强调其工具价值到本体价值是一种进步,但从教育的角度看,知识的本体价值仍然有缺陷,如它使学习变成了占有,知识变得僵化,遏制了学生的主体性发展。应提倡知识的发展价值,从而扩展学生的视界,提高学生的能力,丰富学生的体验,提升学生的思想。为有效实现知识的发展价值,教师应做的努力有:树立发展性的知识教学观,进行正确而恰当的引导,重视已有经验的基础作用,让学生生动活泼地掌握知识。     

基于本体语言OWL逻辑语义与推理的研究

语义Web研究的目的是为了使机器可以理解知识,所以实现语义Web首先需要解决的问题就是计算机对知识的理解问题,只有计算机理解了所建立的知识,才能在此基础上展开推理服务。OWL是专门为基于Web的应用设计的本体语言,该语言与描述逻辑的组合可以实现一定程度上的推理服务。文中概述了本体语言和描述逻辑及它们之间的关系,并通过一个个实例显示本体中基于描述逻辑的推理服务。     

“C程序设计”课程内容本体构建

本文基于本体论的思想,介绍了在E-Learning系统中构建课程知识本体的结构、准则及设计过程,并以C程序设计课程为例实现了课程知识本体的构建。将课程中的知识按粒度划分并提取出来,采用标准的OWL本体描述语言对其进行定义和描述,形成课程知识本体,为E-Learning系统的开发与研究奠定了基础。     

基于本体的主动式知识系统

针对知识密集型企业知识利用中存在的问题,提出了基于本体的主动式知识系统OPKS,以促进知识的利用.OPKS以主动式知识服务为基本思想,以用户知识需求为驱动因素,通过用户知识需求模型描述用户知识需求的决定因素.利用本体描述异构知识源语义,利用本体映射实现异构知识源互操作.通过用户知识需求与知识源匹配找到所需的知识,主动提供给用户.采用UML对OPKS进行系统分析和设计,采用Java语言进行实现.某研究所应用表明OPKS能提高知识密集型企业知识利用效率.     

本体视域下的网络课程的知识管理研究

网络教育的知识管理运用可以促进隐性知识的显性化,帮助在线学习者获取知识,共享知识和传播知识,最终促进学习者的知识的积累.本文通过将基于本体的知识管理技术引入到网络课程知识的管理中,结合远程教育学课程知识特点,抽取课程核心词汇,建立类层次结构模型,建立关系模型,完成课程领域知识本体构建.然后,结合学习对象元数据LOM标准,确定了用于描述学习资源的元数据,建立了学习资源描述本体,最后将课程领域知识本体与学习资源描述本体进行了关联,通过开放式管理,实现网络课程知识的生产、利用、传播和共享.     

基于本体的教学知识库系统研究

教学知识的共享和重用是影响教学效率的重要因素,本文将本体技术引入到教学知识管理中,通过使用现有的本体编辑工具、描述语言和开发方法,构建并实现基于本体的教学知识库系统,为网络教学系统以及其他用户提供了教学领域知识的共享模型,从而实现教学知识的共享和重用.     

本体在市场信息检索中的应用研究

本体作为一种能在语义和知识层次上描述信息系统的概念模型建模工具,可以克服传统的信息检索技术的局限性。介绍了一种基于本体的市场信息检索系统。通过将多个本地信息库联系起来,利用先进的文本处理技术和文本挖掘技术,帮助用户从现有的网络搜索引擎中获取有效的信息。     

Learning How to Believe: Epistemic Development in Cultural Context

Although Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), also called knowledge-based tutors, are becoming more common and proving to be increasingly effective, each one must still be built from scratch at a significant cost. At the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, we have developed domain independent tools for authoring all aspects of a knowledge-based tutor: the domain model, the teaching strategies, the student model, and the learning environment. In this article, I describe these tools, discuss a number of design issues and design tradeoffs that are involved in building ITS authoring tools, and discuss knowledge acquisition and representation issues encountered in my work. I also describe how we plan to use these tools (collectively called Eon), including ontology objects, as a meta-authoring tool for designing special-purpose authoring tools tailored for specific domain types.     

Dynamic Courseware Generation on the WWW

We have developed a tool for the authoring of adaptive CAL courses, called "Dynamic Courseware Generator" (DCG). It generates an individual course according to the learner's goals and previous knowledge, and dynamically adapts the course according to the learner's success in acquiring knowledge. The DCG runs on a WWW server. The learner receives from this server an individualised course targeted to a specified goal. Afterwards, s/he is adaptively guided by the course through a space of teaching materials on the WWW. Unlike other CAL courses on the WWW, a course produced by the DCG is interactive, it tests the learner's knowledge and dynamically adapts to the student's progress. The authoring tool can be used also for collaborative authoring and learning.     

The ARIADNE Project (Part 2): Knowledge Pools for Computer-based and Telematics-supported Classical,Open and Distance Education

This paper presents the tools and methodologies underlying the ARIADNE framework for enabling open and distance education and for enhancing more conventional training schemes. The ARIADNE concept relies on a distributed knowledge pool system that stores pedagogically indexed educational resources, as well as on a set of tools and methodologies for authoring curricula. The basic approach is one of share and reuse. Specialized authoring tools are under development for the production of simulations, multiple-choice questionnaires and auto-evaluation exercises. Segmentation tools for video and text-based material, with integrated facilities for hypertext generation, are also under development. The distributed knowledge pool system consists of one central knowledge pool, and a number of local knowledge pools. Corporate training systems can also be built around private knowledge pools. Before pedagogical documents can be inserted into the knowledge pool system, their pedagogical and other characteristics must be described. A pedagogical header generator tool assists in this task. Pedagogical engineers can define the spatio-temporal, socio-pedagogic process that we call a curriculum, and choose the active and expositive documents that embody it, by using a curriculum editor. Finally, students consult or work with the documents of the curriculum they subscribed to, through a personalized view provided by the ARIADNE learner interface.     

Interactive technology and authoring tools: A historical review and analysis

Computer systems, interactive technologies, and the software tools for authoring multimedia programs have evolved over the past several decades. The evolution of multimedia technology is discussed and current alternatives for authoring multimedia programs are described. Issues related to analyzing authoring tool requirements and selecting software are presented and trends in the evolution of authoring tools are identified. Many factors affecting the selection and use of authoring software are exogenous to the technology itself. Both technological trends and market forces must be considered.     

E-learning中基于Web的概念图协同创作系统研究

概念图是学生协作知识建构的一种有效支持工具,然而在Web环境下概念图的协同创作系统的研究却并不多见。鉴于此,文章通过对协作学习中概念图的理论研究,分析了概念图协作创建过程中学习者的认知过程,设计了基于概念图的协作知识建构的理论模型,设计了概念图协作创作系统的功能模型和动态模型,介绍了基于Flex和FMS技术的系统实现方案,讨论了系统功能和实现过程。文章的研究成果能丰富协作知识建构的理论研究,推进概念图在网络协作学习实践中的应用。     

Authoring Tools for Component-Based Learning Environments

We argue that a focus on building an authoring tool for a complete learning environment is misplaced. An analysis of the task of authoring a commercial educational system reveals it to be best accomplished through authoring separate components. For many of these components, authoring tools already exist and need not be duplicated for use in educational systems. Connecting the various components together is a separate authoring task, and parts of this task are different for educational systems than for typical component-based software. The second half of this article describes the Visual Translator, an authoring tool we have written specifically for this purpose.     

Evaluation of a Computer-Supported Learning System

Educational content on the Internet is rapidly increasing. Academics and businesses are placing more course material online to supplement classroom and business training situations. In addition, significant increases in undergraduate enrollments in information system courses, and the rapid pace of new knowledge in the field, have led researchers to call for new innovative approaches to learning. Prior researchers have reported that this new Web‐based training technology (which has its foundation in computer‐based training) has not integrated sound pedagogical practices into the authoring process when developing new tutorials. This paper summarizes an experiment to evaluate the effect on posttest scores of a Web‐based authoring tool that prompts the developer to build multiple presentation styles into the learning module. Early results indicate that the tool is more effective than traditional HTML‐authoring tools and that the number of exercises affects posttest scores in a positive manner. No effect on posttest scores was observed for the number of examples in the learning module.     

Some uneasy inquiries into ID expert systems

Alternative approaches to developing software automating instructional development are described in this article. Information management and expert system approaches are compared. General assumptions underlying the development of all authoring tools, including conventional authoring systems, and additional assumptions underlying the development of expert ID tools are identified. Questions are raised concerning the viability of ID automation tools. It is argued that conventional authoring systems may not be as inadequate or inferior as ID expert system developers have claimed, and that of two approaches to ID automation, tools emphasizing information management are probably most useful. Information management tools, however, still may be inappropriate in some contexts.     

Investigate and Decide Learning Environments: Specializing Task Models for Authoring Tool Design

The complexities of building educational software can be reduced by relying on appropriate tools for adapting and re-using similar, previous applications. Although researchers have been creating tools for automating some aspects of software design, most of these tools typically aim for generality, attempting to cover a broad class of interactive programs in many domains. However, this approach may not be effective for building complex interactive systems, and fails to re-apply the instruction and design expertise implicit within prior software applications. An alternative is to provide tools which use specialized, rather than general, task models, tailored specifically to a target category of software. In addition, an understanding of the authoring task itself can inform the design of such specialized authoring environments. This article presents a prototype authoring tool for interactive educational software, called IDLE-Tool. Investigate and Decide Learning Environments (IDLE) is introduced as the task model around which the tool is based, and a model of the authoring process, called Guided Case Adaptation, is offered as an approach to employing the model and an exemplar in tandem to effectively support the design process.