新世纪的关注热点：教师职业倦怠

教师职业倦怠是教师长期处于工作压力下的一种极端反应 ,它是包括情绪衰竭、非人性化和低成就感在内的一种综合症状群。教师职业倦怠是一种职业性伤害 ,其存在给教师、学生乃至整个社会都带来了极大的影响 ,它的产生原因既有社会组织因素又有个人因素。解决教师职业倦怠可从个人、组织和社会三方面入手     

Men in the Triangle: Grief,Inhibition, and Defense

Inhibition of emotional experience is a widely acknowledged characteristic of many Western-raised men. While this affective inhibition may impact men chronically in many ways, it becomes particularly salient when men are bereaved or otherwise grieving and are unable fully to experience normative emotional responses to loss. This article briefly examines some psychosocial developmental underpinnings of men’s affective suppression that have been hypothesized by psychoanalytic theorists, and moves on to suggest an approach for helping grieving men reestablish contact with emotional experience. Experiential Dynamic Therapy (EDT)—a family of approaches that attends to underlying or core affect, the anxiety it provokes in clients, and the defensive maneuvers they use to avoid the anxiety-provoking affect—is introduced and described operationally. The article concludes with specific sample interventions grounded in EDT for helping grieving young men gain access to a full range of affect.     

The role of student burnout in predicting future burnout: exploring the transition from university to the workplace

Burnout is a significant problem in the workplace and recent research suggests burnout is also a growing concern for students. This study aimed to explore the transition from study to work, including exploring the impact of student burnout on work burnout. Australian health profession students (T1, n?=?86; T2, n?=?86; T3, n?=?57) from the disciplines of nursing, psychology, occupational therapy and social work were followed from their final year at university into their first two years at work. An online questionnaire which included measures of exhaustion, cynicism, professional efficacy, mental health, neuroticism, study/job demands and resources was administered at three time points, one year apart. Contrary to the hypotheses, burnout was higher in study than work for all dimensions of burnout. Study exhaustion and cynicism predicted work exhaustion and cynicism, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of early intervention for burnout in university settings, both to decrease student burnout and to prevent future work burnout.     

TRANSITION,LOSS, AND GROWTH: PROCESSES OF POSITIVE ADAPTATION

Positive adaptation to the transition events of later life is a neglected area in the literature of gerontology and educational gerontology. Drawing on the literature of social and clinical psychology, gerontology, adult development, and adult education, as well as on original research findings, this paper formulates a model for viewing the transitions and losses of the aging process as opportunities for growth and self‐enhancement. Major categories of social‐psychological transition events are reviewed; the social‐psychological resources that aging individuals bring to these events are summarized; and three processes of adaptation to transition (grieving, stress management, and learning) are discussed in terms of their relevance to the problem. The usefulness of reflective learning as an adaptive strategy particularly appropriate to the later third of life is emphasized. Implications for further research and applications to practice are presented.     

枯竭的概念、理论及其研究趋势

枯竭(Burnout)用来描述人与工作的关系发生扭曲时所面临的困难,是对在工作中产生的情感的、人际关系压力源的慢性反应。目前关于枯竭的概念以及相关理论的探讨还很少,枯竭包括耗尽、人格解体和个人成就感低落三个维度;枯竭研究主要有三种理论模型,并出现新的研究动向。     

Examining internal and external job resources in child welfare: Protecting against caseworker burnout

Given intense job demands, it is not surprising that job burnout is a consistent threat to the well-being and retention of the child welfare workforce. Guided by central postulates of the Job Demands and Resources (JD-R) model which suggests that job burnout develops because of experiences of high work demands coupled with low resources in the workplace, we applied a conceptual model of job burnout (client and work related) that accounts for both internal and external resources available to child welfare workers. Findings among child welfare caseworkers from three states (N = 1917) indicate that job demands (stress and time pressure) were positively related to client- and work-related burnout. Additionally, both internal and external resources moderated the relationships between job demands and client- and work-related burnout. Study findings have workforce management implications in the child welfare sector, including the role resources might play in mitigating the negative impact of job demands on burnout in the child welfare workforce.     

Bereavement and personal constructs: old theories and new concepts

This paper reviews several traditional and current theories regarding the nature of bereavement and argues that conceptualizing grieving in personal construct terms can clarify and extend existing work in this area. In particular, it is contended that a personal construct view of the importance of "core role" (self) structure helps explain Bowlby's theory of "defensive exclusion" of the reality of the death: because an individual's perceived relationship with a significant other helps define his or her core role, loss of the relationship through death directly challenges the most central dimensions of the bereaved person's construct system. Implications of this cognitive theory of bereavement are detailed, and several testable hypotheses are put forward.     

Work environment predictors of beginning teacher burnout

This study investigated elements of school environments that explain variance in burnout scores in a sample of university graduates from Brisbane, Australia, two years after they commenced work as teachers. Using a longitudinal survey methodology, 79 beginning teachers completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) on four occasions over a two‐year period, first, six weeks after they commenced work as teachers and finally, in the concluding term of their second year of teaching. Beginning teachers also completed the Work Environment Scale each time they were surveyed. The revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered when the graduands were first surveyed. In a series of hierarchical regression analyses, reports of how innovative the work environment was perceived to be added significantly to the explanation of variance in all three MBI subscales after first controlling for initial levels of burnout and the personality trait Neuroticism.     

教师职业倦怠解析

自从弗鲁顿伯格（Freudenberger）于1974年首次提出“职业倦怠”（burnout)以来,该领域的研究便日益受到人们的关注,本文拟以教师职业倦怠为主题,探讨教师职业倦怠的表现,影响,产生的根源及缓解的对策,以期为了解并解决我国教师职业倦怠问题提供些许参考。     

Burnout among university faculty: the central role of work–family conflict

This study examined both direct and indirect associations of faculty burnout with psychosocial work environments, using the job resources-demands framework. A sample of 2,229 faculty members (57.1% male) throughout public universities in the Czech Republic completed a questionnaire comprising measures of burnout and psychosocial work environment characteristics from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II. We formulated a structural model that hypothesised a positive effect of job demands (quantitative demands, work-family conflict (WFC), job insecurity) and a negative effect of job resources (influence, social community, role clarity) on burnout. Results showed that the strongest predictor of burnout was WFC, which had a direct positive effect on burnout and mediated the positive effect of quantitative demands on burnout. Further, a small direct negative effect of age and an indirect positive effect of involvement in research grants and administrative paperwork on burnout were observed. The findings indicate that university management can most effectively address burnout in academic staff not only by implementing policies that reduce WFC, workload and administrative paperwork, but also by providing more job resources to younger faculty and faculty involved in grant-based projects.     

教师职业倦怠现状调查与分析

教师职业倦怠是教师不能顺利应对工作压力时的一种极端反应,是教师在长期压力体验下所产生的情绪、态度和行为的衰竭状态。通过调查,黔南民族师范学院的教师工作5—10年是职业倦怠表现最严重的阶段,压力是导致职业倦怠的原因,职称与学历是影响职业倦怠产生的重要因素。解决教师职业倦怠问题,必须从学校和教师个人这两方面出发,采取各种措施,防止和克服职业倦怠。     

我国导游人员职业倦怠研究现状分析及研究展望

导游是给游客旅游过程提供讲解和生活服务的助人行业从业者,研究显示导游存在明显的职业倦怠现象。人口统计学变量对职业倦怠各维度的影响结果不一致。工作应激、人格、社会支持能够预测职业倦怠。职业倦怠能够预测导游的工作满意度、心理健康、工作绩效和离职倾向。未来将从整合的角度,探讨付出回报、工作需求一资源、工作投入与职业倦怠的关系。     

湖北省三峡地区游船员工职业倦怠调查研究

游船员工的职业倦怠由相对封闭的高压力工作性质引起,直接影响游船员工的工作状态、工作效率,然后又反作用于工作,导致游船员工的工作状态恶化,职业倦怠进一步加深而形成一种恶性循环。了解游船员工的职业倦怠水平和特点,对于消除游船员工的职业倦怠、提高工作绩效和稳定游船职工队伍具有重要的意义。本研究采用MBI—GS职业倦怠量表修订版（中文版）对湖北省三峡地区的230名游船员工进行了调查,结果显示：不同性别的游船员工其职业倦怠水平无显著差异,但不同专业、不同婚姻状况、不同学历、不同工作年限、不同年龄的游船员工其职业倦怠水平均存在显著差异。同时还发现：游船员工与饭店员工在职业倦怠水平的高峰出现时期、婚姻状况等因素对员工职业倦怠的影响等方面存在诸多差异。     

聋校教师的职业倦怠现状与相关因素研究

采用(Maslach)职业倦怠问卷对351名聋校教师进行了职业倦怠状况的测查.结果表明:聋校教师的总体职业倦怠不严重;聋校教师职业倦怠随着整体感觉压力的增大越加严重;是否担任其他职务、每周不同课时数、不同省市、不同教龄、不同职称和不同学历的聋校教师职业倦怠存在显著性差异;不同性别、是否结婚和是否班主任的聋校教师职业倦怠不存在显著性差异.     

大学生学习倦怠状况及其与人格特征的关系

采用量表法对315名不同性别、学科的大学二、三年级学生进行了学习倦怠的研究,并进一步考察了学习倦怠与人格特征的关系。结果表明:当前大二、大三学生存在中等程度学习倦怠情况,男生在成就感低和行为不当上都要好于女生,在成就感低上大三学生比大二学生更严重,文科和理科学生在学习倦怠各维度上的得分都显著高于医科和工科学生,文科和理科学生的学习倦怠情况更严重。另外,人格变量对学习倦怠有显著的预测效果。     

谈静摩擦力做功

本文就静摩擦力做功以及在静摩擦力做功过程中机械能守恒问题，结合实例做进一步讨论。从而得出系统内静摩擦力做所做的功不会引起本系统机械能的变化，静摩擦力做功的过程。只能使系统内的机械能之间相互转化或在物体之间传递机械能。     

教师工作倦怠与管理策略

越来越多的研究表明，教师工作倦怠现象普遍存在，而且范围和强度呈增长趋势。工作倦怠的表现有三个方面，即情绪衰竭、人格解体和个人成就感降低。工作倦怠如果不能得到及时、有效的调适，将会对教师的教学质量和生活质量都产生很大的负面影响。教师工作倦怠不是对某一特定事件的过度应激反应，而是在较长时间内，对来自各个方面压力和事件所产生的累积的过度反应。总体上分析，教师工作倦怠的产生存在社会因素、组织因素、职业因素和个人因素。教师工作倦怠的防治可以从学校组织管理和教师个人管理两个层面展开。学校应当采取科学的、人性化的管理方式，积极预防教师工作倦怠的产生。教师应当在意识到自身处于负性的情绪和倾向时，通过主观的调适，化解这种不良倾向，转而形成正向的工作动力。     

'Do You Know Harry Potter? Well, He is an Orphan': Every Bereaved Child Matters

The needs of children who are experiencing loss in all its many guises including separation through divorce, death, war, to name but a few, are many and varied. Presenting issues may include emotional disturbance. In addition, many bereaved children have to cope with a vulnerability to physical illness. In some schools, children are offered counselling or specialist emotional and therapeutic support at times of bereavement. In this article, the author uses case-study examples and autobiographical material, to suggest that child-chosen play, art and children's literature can provide a vehicle for bereavement management and eventual resolution. The author argues that professionals involved in the care and education of children can work together to benefit grieving children.     

Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to understand better the risk of compassion fatigue (the trauma suffered by the helping professional) and burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment), and the potential for compassion satisfaction (the fulfillment from helping others and positive collegial relationships) among Colorado county child protection staff using the Compassion Satisfaction/Fatigue Self-Test [Figley, C. R., & Stamm, B. H. (1996). Psychometric review of Compassion Fatigue Self-Test. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 127-130). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press]. An additional goal was to test the relationship of these three constructs to each other. METHOD: A self-report instrument developed by Stamm and Figley was used to measure the risk of compassion fatigue and burnout and the potential for compassion satisfaction among 363 child protection staff participating in a secondary trauma training seminar. RESULTS: Participants were significantly more likely to have high risk of compassion fatigue, extremely low risk of burnout, and good potential for compassion satisfaction. Participants with high compassion satisfaction had lower levels of compassion fatigue (p=.000; mean=35.73 high compassion satisfaction group, mean=43.56 low group) and lower levels of burnout (p=.000; mean=32.99 high compassion satisfaction group, mean=41.69 low group). CONCLUSION: Approximately 50% of Colorado county child protection staff suffered from "high" or "very high" levels of compassion fatigue. The risk of burnout was considerably lower. More than 70% of staff expressed a "high" or "good" potential for compassion satisfaction. We believe compassion satisfaction may help mitigate the effects of burnout.     

中小学教师职业倦怠问题解析

教师是制约教育教学改革的关键因素.职业倦怠是教师不能顺利应对工作压力的一种极端反应.它包括情感衰竭、去人格化、低个人成就感三个维度.影响教师职业倦怠的因素主要是工作压力和教师的人格特征.根据Maslach和Lciter提出的职业倦怠的工作匹配模型,教师职业倦怠的干预应把个人干预和组织干预两个方面有机结合起来.