中小学生欺负行为问题研究

欺负行为是中小学生之间经常发生的一种特殊类型的攻击性行为,它对儿童及青少年的身心健康发展具有很大的伤害性。因此,受到许多国家研究者的广泛关注,并开展了相应的干预研究,也取得了一定的效果。了解国内外学者所做的有关学校欺负行为的相关研究,对我们开展学校欺负行为干预研究,促进学生健康成长有一定的借鉴意义。     

美国校园欺负行为干预措施探析

美国校园欺负行为干预以州为单位,政府积极参与干预行动,同时干预欺负者、被欺负者和旁观者,理论研究紧密联系实践。我国应该重视校园欺负行为,建立一个由个人、家长、学校、国家共同参与的干预体系,理论研究结合实践,制定长期的干预方案。     

国外校园欺负行为的学校整体干预方案述评

学校整体干预方案是西方国家广受欢迎的学校欺负行为干预方案,该方案包括三个水平,即学校水平,班级水平与个体水平.影响该方案干预效果的因素主要有方案的系统性、执行方案所拥有的资源、方案执行的持续时间、学生的年龄与性别.该方案主要的不足在于花费巨大,难以解决校园以外的欺负行为问题.进一步研究将侧重于关注教师在欺负行为中的作用、针对学生差异与学校特点制定个性化的整体干预方案、拓展欺负行为干预的范围.     

成人对儿童欺负行为干预情况的调查研究

欺负行为是儿童身上较为常见的不良行为。采用Olweus儿童欺负问卷,对教师与家长这两类成人群体对小学儿童欺负行为的干预现状的调查研究表明:(1)关于儿童在学校受欺负之事,成人的关注与干预程度较低。其中,教师与家长关注程度的差异达到显著水平。(2)当儿童受到欺负后,向成人求助的比率较低。(3)关于儿童在学校欺负他人之事,成人的关注与干预程度较低。     

校园欺负行为干预研究的新视角

校园欺负行为作为一种低水平的暴力形式,严重危害着学生的身心发展,因此历来受到教育者的关注。该文从心理学和社会学角度出发,对近期国内外校园欺负问题的危害及干预策略的研究进展作了回顾。首先系统分析了校园欺负行为对欺负者、受欺负者、旁观学生以及整个校园的危害;其次从社会、学校、班级、家庭、个体等不同角度讨论了校园欺负行为的主要干预策略;最后提出了未来研究应该思考的若干问题。     

中小学女生欺负行为的特点以及干预措施

本文通过对欺负行为以及女生欺负行为具体研究结果入手,讨论了女生欺负行为的特点和具体的干预措施。     

学校欺负行为的类型、特点及其干预

欺负行为在中小学中非常普遍，大约有1／5的学生卷入其中，它阻碍了学生身心的正常发展。本文介绍了欺负行为的类型和特点，欺负的发生发展特点及其影响因素，并对学校中的欺负干预提出了建议。     

浅析中小学生的欺负行为及其干预策略

欺负行为在中小学是一种较为常见的不良行为,它对学生的身心健康和学习均产生不良影响.通过对学生欺负行为的特点、危害和原因的分析,可以从社会、学校、家庭三个层面对欺负行为进行干预.     

校园欺负行为中的人格特征研究及干预策略

欺负是中小学生经常发生且较为普遍的一种现象,对中小学生的健康发展具有危害性。从自我认知、情感认知和同伴交往等方面分析欺负者、受欺者、旁观者的人格特点,联系个人、家庭、学校、环境等因素与欺负行为的关系,针对这些因素提出建议措施对校园欺负行为进行有效干预,建立社会—学校—家庭—儿童的四级模式,以期减少欺负行为的发生。     

中小学女生欺负行为的特点以及干预措施

本文通过对欺负行为以及女生欺负行为具体研究结果入手，讨论了女生欺负行为的特点和具体的干预措施。     

AGGRESSIVE ATTITUDES AND PREVALENCE OF BULLYING BYSTANDER BEHAVIOR IN MIDDLE SCHOOL

Separate lines of research find that proaggressive attitudes promote peer aggression and that bystanders play a pivotal role in deterring or facilitating bullying behavior. The current study hypothesized that proaggressive attitudes in middle school would deter students from standing up to bullying and encourage them to reinforce bullying behavior. Middle school students (n = 28,765) in 423 schools completed a statewide school climate survey that included an aggressive attitudes scale and their bystander response to a recent episode of bullying, which was categorized as upstanding, reinforcing, or passive. Multilevel logistic regressions indicated that higher aggressive attitudes were associated with less upstanding behavior at the school level and less upstanding behavior and more reinforcing behavior at the individual level, while controlling for other school and student demographic variables. These findings suggest that antibullying programs might address student attitudes toward aggression as a means of boosting positive bystander intervention.     

BULLYING AMONG KOREAN ADOLESCENTS: THE ROLE OF EMPATHY AND ATTACHMENT

In efforts to increase the field and society's understanding of bullying, the authors investigated how various forms of attachment (mother, peer, and school) are directly and indirectly related to bullying behavior through empathy, and whether these relationships are moderated by gender. Adolescents, of grades 7 through 9, from one middle school in Seoul were surveyed. Using structural equation modeling, the study identified significant gender differences in the direct and indirect effects of attachment on bullying behavior. For male students, greater school attachment was directly related to less bullying behavior and maternal and peer attachment had indirect effects on bullying behavior, mediated by student cognitive empathy. For female students greater maternal attachment was directly related to less bullying behavior, and peer attachment had an indirect effect on bullying behavior, mediated by student affective empathy. The study provides evidence supporting increased emphasis on empathy development in bullying prevention programs.     

Transtheoretical-based bullying prevention effectiveness trials in middle schools and high schools

Background Bullying threatens the physical and mental well-being of students across a broad range of schools. Tailored interventions based on the Transtheoretical model and delivered over the Internet were designed to reduce participation in each of three roles related to bullying (bully, victim and passive bystander).

Methods Effectiveness trials were completed in 12 middle schools and 13 high schools in the USA. A diverse sample of 1237 middle (6th–8th grade, with 45.1% in the 7th grade; ages 11–14) and 1215 high school (9th–11th grade, with 41.6% in the 9th grade; ages 14–17) students were available for analyses.

Results Analyses showed significant treatment effects for both intervention groups when compared to control for both the middle and high school programs.

Conclusions Given the relative ease of dissemination, these programs could be applied as stand-alone practices or as part of more intensive interventions.     

Victims of Bullying in Schools

This article provides an overview of current research on bullying (peer victimization, peer harassment) in school, with a focus on victims of such bullying. The 1st section provides a working definition of bullying and its many forms. The 2nd section describes some of the known consequences of being bullied for mental health, physical health, and academic achievement. The 3rd section turns to individual characteristics that might place children at risk for being bullied. The 4th section describes school-based interventions to reduce bullying and its negative effects. The final section considers implications of research on school bullying for teacher practice.     

School bullying in Korea and christian educational approach

The central purpose of this study is to examine approaches for dealing with the problem of bullying (wangtta in Korean) in schools from the Christian educational perspective. There has been much development in both research and practice in the 1990s and 2000s relating to bullying in Korean schools. Most Korean research on bullying, however, has almost exclusively focussed on verification of the facts that bullying or peer rejection is a widespread phenomenon in schools. This study, however, is mainly concerned with how to tackle effectively the bullying problem on the basis of Christian educational philosophy. To do this, this paper suggests a four stage approach to dealing with bullying: namely, clarifying the Christian school ethos, leading to determine the school’s bullying policy. With the bullying policy, school anti-bullying programs could be developed in order to create a bullyingfree school environment.     

Bullying victimization and depression among left-behind children in rural China: Roles of self-compassion and hope

BackgroundBullying victimization among school-aged children is an important public health issue that may affect their well-being and mental health. However, few studies have been conducted on left-behind children in rural China, who are defined as the children who stay in rural areas for more than six months and have one or both parents migrating to urban areas for work. The mechanisms through which bullying victimization will influence depression have disproportionally adopted a psychopathological perspective, and the protective factors are understudied.ObjectiveThis study aims at investigating the factors that might contribute to breaking up the vicious circle between bullying victimization and developmental problems, focusing on the protective role of self-compassion and hope in the association between bullying victimization and depression.MethodsUsing questionnaires, data were collected from a sample of 1091 school-aged left-behind children from west and central China.ResultsCompared with rural children living with their parents, left-behind children reported a higher level of bullying victimization. Bullying victimization was positively associated with depression through decreased self-compassion and hope, and self- compassion played a more crucial role than hope in the linkage between bullying victimization and depression.ConclusionsOur study's findings suggest that it is necessary to incorporate self-compassion and hope in mental health prevention and intervention programs targeting left-behind children with bullying victimization experiences.     

Expression of self-concept and adjustment against repeated aggressions: the case of a longitudinal study on school bullying

Bullying between students in the school setting is an increasing problem. Bullying can be defined as any form of repeated mental or physical violence carried out by one or several individuals on a person who is not capable of defending himself (Roland and Idsoe, Aggress Behav 27:446–462, 2001). The aim of this paper is to observe the expression of self-concept and adjustment strategies developed by children subject to this kind of violence. Five hundred twenty-four students between the ages of 8 and 12 (m = 9.44) participated in the longitudinal study. Two measurements were made during the same school year at an interval of 6 months. The results show that the student victims of bullying present weaker self-conceptions than the control group. Recourse to avoidance strategies would be dominant among student victims of bullying. Moreover, recourse to “avoidance” type strategies would lead to an increase in the frequency of bullying while recourse to “approach”-type strategies would lead to a reduction in it. Furthermore, it would seem that recourse to avoidance strategies at T1 lowers the student’s self-concepts at T2. The opposite effect is observed with the approach strategies. These different results emphasize the necessity to establish prevention programs which allow an intervention simultaneously on the level of the school, the family, and the student.     

The school playground experience: opportunities and challenges for children and school staff

The school playground experience is an inevitable part of school life for primary school children. For most children, the experience is a positive and enjoyable one that contributes to their physical and social well-being and has been associated with enhanced attention and learning in the classroom. For some children, however, the playground can be a frightening and dangerous place in which aggressive behaviour and bullying can be experienced and/or witnessed. The recognition of this fact has, in some cases, led to the reduction or elimination of playground time. Many intervention programmes aimed at promoting positive in-school behaviour and preventing negative behaviours, including bullying, have been developed and used with positive results in schools. This paper provides a research-based commentary on some of the positive and negative features of playground life for children and some of the successful intervention programmes that have been developed and used. It is argued that facing the issues and problems presented by negative playground behaviour and dealing with them in a positive way, rather than avoiding them with policies that restrict the freedom of children to interact and engage with peers in the playground, is essential for the well-being of children and school staff. The paper calls for further research to inform school policy and action in this area.     

Bullying among students and its consequences on health

Violence among students at school is an ever-growing problem. Bullying can be defined as all forms of repeated physical or mental violence performed by an individual on another person who is not capable of defending him/herself (Roland & Idsoe, 2001). The three studies conducted here reveal some of the characteristics and implications of this type of aggression. Whether the attacker (s) or the attacked, all protagonists in a bullying episode suffer the consequences of this behavior. Study 1 showed that students who were both victims and bullies had the lowest self-concepts in all areas studied. Victims exhibited inferior self-concepts to bullies, who in turn obtained lower scores than students not involved in bullying at all. Study 2 showed, as expected, that the group of bully/victims reported more psychosomatic problems than all other groups. In addition, there was a positive link between behavioral problems and the onset of psychosomatic disorders. Study 3, which was mainly exploratory, looked at the traumatic impact of bullying and the emergence of addictive behavior. Children who had vivid memories of being the victim of an aggressive act manifested a high level of post-traumatic stress, although no link was observed between post-traumatic stress and the type of aggression (physical, verbal, or relational). A dependency relationship was found between post-traumatic stress and substance use. The results of these studies suggest that the many complexities of the different protagonists of bullying should be taken into account in view of developing servicing that is geared to each individual.