AMERICAN OPINION TOWARD THE SOVIET UNION

Using a variety of public opinion sources, this article examinesAmerican attitudes toward the Soviet Union. It establishes thatAmericans are basically wary of the Soviet Union, and that thisattitude is largely based on Americans' reactions to Sovietbehavior. Furthermore, the data suggest that Americans favorfirmness in dealing with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Americansexpress faith in having dialogue with the Soviets and want theirgovernment to be engaged in negotiations. The limited knowledgeAmericans have of the Soviet Union and their reliance on televisionfor news of that country make American opinion susceptible tochange. Indeed, some American attitudes about the Soviets havechanged coincident with Gorbachev's ascension to power and theSoviet-US rapproachment. These findings reject the notion thatAmerican public opinion is capricious and volatile, having noplace in foreign policy formation. Rather, they suggest thatAmerican attitudes have been reasonable, responding to eventsin what would appear to be a logical manner, and that US foreignpolicy makers would be wise to consider American public opinionin their deliberations.     

EDITORS' NOTE

This study examines certain changes made within the Russian newspaper industry both before and after the political transformations occurring in the former Soviet Union. Although these changes began after Gorbachev came to power, the most dramatic changes took place after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The political economy perspective provides a useful means to explain the relation between these socioeconomic transitions and the newspaper industry. Since the failed coup of August 1991, the Russian media have attempted to adapt to conditions persistent with the free market economy. As a result of the free market economy, the Russian newspaper industry currently tends to depend on advertising revenue for survival.     

PUBLIC OPINION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOVIET UNION

This article examines the relationship between public opinionand the transformation of the Soviet Union. Results of an August1990 survey showed that the majority of adults supported democraticreform, but lacked confidence in the Soviet regime. Young andmiddle-aged people, urban residents, and those with higher educationtended to be more supportive of democratic reform and more alienatedfrom the regime. The nationalities differed widely in supportfor democratic reform and confidence in the regime. In the partlydemocratized political system, Boris Yeltsin acquired a broadfollowing by appealing to the electorate and advocating radicalchange. A February 1991 poll showed that his support was greatestamong Russians who backed the Russian parliament and stronglyendorsed democratic reform and private enterprise. With suchbacking, Yeltsin won the June 1991 Russian presidential electionand then mobilized popular opposition to the August coup attempt.The coup's failure dealt a fatal blow to Communist rule, Gorbachev'sleadership, and the Soviet Union itself.     

The Readership of the Current Periodical and Newspaper Collection in the Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library

A call slip analysis for the years 1985 through September 1988 was conductcd in the Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library in order to determine the usage of the Current Periodical and Newspaper Collection by the Division's patrons. The conclusion of this analysis was that the most read materials were newspapers published in Russian. It confirmed findings of earlier studies on Russian or Soviet readership that newspapers are the primary source of information about current events in the Soviet Union for Russian readers. Russian emigres constitute a majority of the Division's patrons.     

The research and publication programs of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc.

In 1973, the Board for International Broadcasting assumed responsibility for the operation of the joint corporate entity, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc. Broadcasting news, entertainment, and public affairs programs to Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union since 1950 and 1953 respectively, RFE/RL, Inc. has also maintained the largest research and analysis activity on these countries in the Free World. This information has been made widely available through serial and monographic publications, notably in the two weeklies Radio Free Europe Research (Eastern Europe) and Radio Liberty Research Bulletin (Soviet Union). Contract and independent researchers make use of rich archival and current affairs library research facilities in New York and Munich. As Federal funding has been maintained and expanded in recent years, facilities and capabilities have been greatly extended.     

新中国档案学高等教育教学体系的创建(1952-1955年)

1952—1955年,新中国依托苏联专家和中国人民大学学习苏联档案学高等教育经验,通过培养档案学课程教员、建立课程教学研究组织、编译苏联专家讲义和苏联教材及著作等方法推动新中国档案学高等教育教学体系创建。在这一过程中,苏联专家和中国人民大学档案学教研人员一起不断推进苏联经验与中国实际的结合,强调对中国档案学史、机关工作史等中国档案学的研究,强调课程教学与实验实习相结合,强调档案学学科研究与全国档案工作的相互促进。新中国档案学高等教育教学体系的建立,为新中国培养了第一批高级档案专业人才,为我国档案工作提供了系统的档案学理论和方法指导,成为新中国高校档案学学科建设的重要起点。     

“War Through Children’s Eyes” in the Archiwum Wschodnie [Eastern Archive] Collection

In 1981, Hoover Institution Press published a collection of testimonies of Polish citizens and their children deported to the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941. War Through Children’s Eyes contained English translations of compositions, interviews, and testimonies from the Polish Government Collection at the Hoover Institution Archives. In the 1980s efforts were underway in Poland to collect similar personal stories of survivors of Soviet deportations, including children’s testimonies. The result was the creation of the Archiwum Wschodnie [Eastern Archive] and the KARTA Center in Warsaw. The archive, legalized after the fall of Communism in 1990, is a major primary source collection dealing with the history of former Polish eastern territories. The paper discusses parts of the Archiwum Wschodnie collection focusing on the testimonies of children deported to the Soviet Union. The trauma of war and displacement is examined through personal stories and testimonies of deportees.     

Establishing Slavic Headings Under AACR2

This paper discusses some common problems which catalogers of Slavic materials may encounter in establishing Slavic headings under AACR2. Three categories of headings have been selected: geographical, corporate and personal names concerned with the Soviet Union. Emphasis is placed upon cases where a cataloger may apply the rules correctly, but still establish an incorrect heading. Sources of these types of problems are identified and suggestions are made for dealing with them.     

Library of Congress Subject Heading Period Subdivisions for Eastern Europe Excluding the Soviet Union

Eastern Europe is a complex area for which there are not adequate Library of Congress subject heading period subdivisions. This article offers additional period subdivisions, with justifications, for all the countries and some regions of Eastern Europe, excluding the Soviet Union. Covered are: Europe, Eastern; Czechoslovakia (and three regions); Germany (East); Hungary; Poland; Galicia; Balkan Peninsula; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; and Yugoslavia (and six regions).     

Periodicals for Librarians and Information Professionals in Central Europe

In May 1994, ASSIST INTERNATIONAL INC. began the Cooperative Periodical Program, which provides for delivery of donated copies of 25 leading American library and information science periodicals to 50 libraries in 13 newly independent countries of central Europe and the former Soviet Union. The periodicals are donated by 14 publishers. Shipment and other costs are covered by contributions from firms and organizations that advertise in the periodicals. Librarians report that the periodicals are the most important source of information about library and information services available to information professionals in their countries.     

Lithuania on the Web: Free Electronic Resources

ABSTRACT

The Republic of Lithuania, one of the three Baltic States, declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Lithuania joined the United Nations in 1991 and became a member of NATO and the European Union in 2004. Dalia Grybauskait? was elected president of the Republic of Lithuania in 2009 and reelected in 2014. Lithuania adopted the euro as its currency as of 1 January 2015. This paper discusses free websites that elucidate Lithuanian government, culture, and heritage.     

Metaphor and the rhetorical invention of cold war “idealists”

This paper presents a five‐step procedure for identifying metaphorical concepts guiding the rhetorical invention of three Cold War idealists”;: Henry Wallace, J. William Fulbright, and Helen Caldicott. The source of their collective failure to dispel threatening images of Soviet savagery is located in a recurrent system of metaphorical concepts (including MADNESS, PATHOLOGY, SICKNESS, AND FORCE) that promotes a reversal of the enemy‐image rather than its transcendence. By decivilizing America's image, “idealists”; turn the victimage ritual inward upon a self‐righteous nation and provoke “realists”; to regress further into decivilizing images of the Soviet Union.     

巴赫金的话语理论及其对批判学派的贡献

在批判学派的学术资源中 ,话语理论 (TheoriesofDiscourse)向为欧洲传播学界所倚重 ,而在话语理论的形成过程中 ,前苏联学者巴赫金又是首屈一指的先驱。他的交往与对话学说、“超语言学”理论以及意识形态话语观等一整套话语理论 ,为人们批判性地解剖各种传播活动的深层机制、社会情态、历史渊源等 ,无不提供了朴实而新颖的视角 ,留下了自然而深长的启迪 ,并事实上开启了当今福柯“话语 /权力”的著名思路。     

新中国初期的高校师生阅读

建国初期，教育的阶级性和功利性成为高等教育的铁律，政治运动和政治性学术批判，对高校师生阅读产生了重大影响，红色苏联文化作品成为当时主要课外阅读时尚。     

Ukrainian Libraries of Yesterday,Today, and Tomorrow: Impressions From an American Fulbright Librarian

The author received a ten‐month Fulbright grant to lecture in Ukraine on digital library concepts. In this article she shares her observations and experiences gathered by visiting libraries and librarians all over the country. After 17 years of Ukrainian independence, the libraries are generally in a better situation than they were immediately after the breakup of the Soviet Union. However, they are also in a state of great transition as they rethink their role in society and grapple with new information technologies.