Physical activity and academic achievement in children: A historical perspective

As the focus on academic achievement has increased, physical activity (PA) opportunities in schools have decreased in the United States. In an attempt to discover how the decline in PA may affect academic achievement, researchers have been studying the effects of PA on cognition and academic achievement in children for more than 50 years. This review takes a historical perspective on the science of PA and academic achievement prior to and during the past 5 years. A total of 125 published articles were included and reviewed. Fifty-three of these articles were published in the past 5 years. In recent years, the overall quality of the studies has increased, but the results continue to be inconsistent. Many use cross-sectional designs and the methods vary substantially. The majority of conclusions show a positive effect of PA on constructs related to academic achievement. Future studies should use strong study designs to examine the types and doses of PA needed to produce improvements in academic achievement.     

The impact of physical activity and fitness on academic achievement and cognitive performance in children

The potential for physical activity and fitness to improve cognitive function, learning and academic achievement in children has received attention by researchers and policy makers. This paper reports a systematic approach to identification, analysis and review of published studies up to early 2009. A three-step search method was adopted to identify studies that used measures of physical activity or fitness to assess either degree of association with or effect on a) academic achievement and b) cognitive performance. A total of 18 studies including one randomised control trial, six quasi-experimental and 11 correlational studies were included for data extraction. No studies meeting criteria that examined the links between physical activity and cognitive function were found. Weak positive associations were found between both physical activity and fitness and academic achievement and fitness and elements of cognitive function, but this was not supported by intervention studies. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that additional physical education time increases academic achievement; however there is no evidence that it is detrimental. The quality and depth of the evidence base is limited. Further research with rigour beyond correlational studies is essential.     

体育行为与体质健康

以体育行为为切入点,运用综合评定法和调查问卷法,通过分析以运动频率、运动时间和运动强度作为分组依据的不同组别间体质状况水平的差别,进而探索有效提高体质水平的锻炼方式,为社会提供有价值的参考依据。研究结果表明,每周体育锻炼频率在3次以上、锻炼时间在30分钟以上和中等强度的锻炼方式,可以有效的提高体质健康水平。但40-59岁年龄段不同组别间差别不明显,其更深层次的原因有待于进一步的研究。     

自我效能感与CUBA队员文化素质的提高

CUBA培养的大学生运动员是具有高级文化修养的篮球人才,“育人”是CUBA赖以发展的宗旨。培养和提高队员的自我效能感,应有效激发学习动机,尊重队员的主体地位,建立平等、理解的师生关系,提升教练员的文化素养和人格魅力。     

体育教育专业大学生成就目标、学业效能与专业承诺的关系

采用成就目标量表、学业效能量表和专业承诺量表,考察129名体育教育专业大学生的成就目标、学业效能和专业承诺的关系.研究结果表明:(1)掌握定向与专业承诺4个维度都呈显著正相关,能力效能与情感承诺、理想承诺和规范承诺呈显著正相关;(2)性别、生源地、运动专项影响成就目标、学业效能与专业承诺的关系;(3)掌握目标对情感承诺、规范承诺和继续承诺都有显著的正性预测关系,能力效能对理想承诺具有显著的正性预测关系.     

Mediating effect of aerobic fitness on the association between physical activity and academic achievement among adolescents: A cross-sectional study in Okinawa,Japan

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential role of aerobic fitness (AF) as a mediator of the association between physical activity (PA) and academic achievement (AA) among Japanese junior high school students. A cross-sectional data was collected from 608 7th grade students enrolled at five public junior high schools in two suburban municipalities in Okinawa, Japan. Self-reported PA was assessed using the Patient-Centred Assessment and Counselling for Exercise plus Nutrition questionnaire. The 20-meter shuttle run test was performed to determine AF. AA was evaluated using the overall grade point average. Family structure, parental education level, and achievement motives were the self-reported covariates. The results of the bootstrapped mediation analysis indicated that PA had a direct effect on AF, which in turn influenced the AA among boys. After adjusting for AF, the association between PA and AA disappeared while the association of AF with AA still remained. However, neither PA nor AF was associated with the AA of girls. Therefore, the hypothesis that AF might mediate the relationship between PA and AA was supported for boys. Promoting AF, as a result of engaging to PA could positively influence AA particularly in boys.     

当代大学生组合式健身的初探

从近年来我国大学生体质健康测试结果看,大学生的身体素质明显下降.通过运动生理学方法手段及运动训练学研究方式,在研究中发现单项锻炼效果不佳,组合式健身可以根据不同人群的体质问题进行设计和实践,能将组合中不同项目的价值、特点,以及机能的有机结合,内在机能之间起到互补和相互促进的作用,使之达到良好的锻炼效果.初步分析认为:探讨出一套甚至更多适合中国当代大学生的组合式健身方法十分必要,对提高我国大学生体质现状研究具有重要的意义与价值.     

Physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder

The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4-12 years (mean age 7.8 +/- 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n=71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n=5) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n=16) or above the 50th percentile (n=3) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10-12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4-6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10-12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.     

Physical activity, cardiovascular fitness, and adiposity in children

With cardiovascular fitness (CVF) as the dependent variable, relationships with habitual level of physical activity, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were investigated in a sample of 93 high adiposity and 93 low adiposity children, ages 8 to 13. A physical activity score (PAS) was computed for each child from a 2-day observation period. A physical working capacity index from cycle ergometry (PWC170) was the measure of CVF. Low and high adiposity samples were classified by a median split (42.9 mm) on the sum of three skinfold measures (tricep, suprailiac, subscapula). For the high adiposity sample, PAS, age, BMI, and gender were significant and the overall model was significant (p less than .001), accounting for 38% of variance in PWC170. In the low adiposity sample, gender (p less than .04) was significantly related to CVF, but the overall model was not significant (p less than .35). PAS, thus, was a significant predictor of CVF among the high adiposity children, but not the low adiposity children. Mechanisms that may account for this difference include greater work for equal activity among the obese, a ceiling effect on CVF among the low adiposity children, or differences in hormonal or metabolic factors mediating the activity-CVF relationship.     

北京市小学生健身工程的实验研究

在北京市两个区共18所小学进行小学生健身工程的实验,为当前北京市小学体育教学内容的改革提供了一个新的思路,同时也为解决我国小学生体能和运动能力下降,有效增强学生运动能力提供了新的视角和方法。活动内容不仅符合小学生的身心发展的实际需要,而且具有可行性、安全性和有效性,并为创编《学校体操》提供了分类方法和内容的框架。小学生健身工程活动内容既可以调动体育教师和学生“教”与“学”的积极性、主动性,而且能够充分发挥师生的能动性和创造性。     

传统养生功法在成都市健身俱乐部开展现状及发展对策研究

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法等研究方法对当前传统体育养生运动在成都市体育健身俱乐部的开展现状进行调查分析,指出制约其发展的因素,提出相应的对策建议。旨在促进传统养生功法在体育健身俱乐部的可持续发展,发挥传统养生功法在全民健身中积极作用,实现对传统体育养生市场化推广。     

体育专业短跑男生身体素质指标选取与评价研究

调查高校体育专业短跑男生身体素质及其特征,建立身体素质的单项评价模型和综合评价体系。研究结果表明,体育专业短跑男生的身体素质模型可简略分为快速力量因子及协调柔韧性因子两个方面(共9项指标)。     

我国大学生隐形肥胖者的体质形态和体力特征

研究了我国大学生“隐形肥胖者”分布特点及形态和体力特征。对男女大学生各1200名进行体质测试,结果如下：1)男女隐形肥胖者分布比率为4．6％和10．3％;2)女性隐形肥胖者的BMI21和23组的腰围、腰围／臀围与对照组比较,有明显差异,而男子组却没有这种规律;3)男子在体力方面,隐形肥胖组中的BMI20、22、23组背力、握力、坐位体前屈和垂直纵跳,BMI21组的垂直纵跳,与对照组比较,明显下降。而女子除BMI各组背力外,均无明显差异;4)男子在运动能力方面,隐形肥胖组中的BMI各组除50m跑和立定跳远外,与对照组比较无明显差异,而女子除BMI22、23组50m跑和23组的立定跳远外,均无明显差异。研究表明女子隐形肥胖者是男子的2．24倍,在形态方面,女子隐形肥胖的腰围增大;而在体力方面,特别男子的肌肉力量和爆发力比较差。     

全国八所高校学生体质健康状况的调查分析

通过对全国较早实施<学生体质健康标准(施行方案)>的八所高校进行调查,并对测试的数据结果进行统计、分析,对学生的体质健康状况作客观的评价,表明绝大部分学生体质健康状况良好,不同地区大学生的体质健康状况存在着差异,重点大学的情况好于普通高校,女生优于男生,测试结果等级分布符合一般规律.     

山东省成年人不同职业人群体质状况的研究

为探讨不同职业人群体质特征,科学指导全民健身运动,对山东省2005年国民体质监测数据进行了多重比较研究,发现身高、体重、肺活量和握力存在着明显的城乡差异,城市高于乡村,体力劳动者的肺活量小于非体力劳动者,表明体力劳动不能代替体育锻炼,体育锻炼只有建立在适宜运动强度、全身关节参与、持之以恒锻炼、膳食营养平衡的基础上才更有效果.男性BMI值和体重超重率高于女性,说明女性形体锻炼意识高于男性,专业技术人员BNI值和体重超重率居中,表明文化程度可影响体育价值观和体质健康,男性机关企事业负责人BMI值和体重超重率最高,应成为肥胖防治的重点人群.     

大学生体质健康水平跟踪研究

采用文献资料、数理统计、比较分析、测量等研究方法,对苏州大学商学院2004级362名大学生体质健康水进行了四年跟踪测试。结果发现：1）学生的体质健康水平在四年中总体上表现为从“高起点”向“低收尾”发展的趋势;2）一、二年级“三自主选项课”的教学改革、将课外俱乐部活动以及《学生体质健康标准》纳入体育课程考核等措施,客观上满足了学生体育兴趣的需求,对学生的体育价值观起到导向作用,有效地促进学生参加课外体育活动,增进学生体质健康水平;3）到了三、四年级时,课程体育要求过低、学生锻炼时间减少以及《学生体质健康标准》评分标准过低,客观上造成了学生的体质健康水平大幅度下降。4）在实施《学生体质健康标准》过程中,“不达标”的人群主要由营养不良与肥胖学生组成,所占比例达到75％,而在采用即将实施的《国家学生体质健康标准》的过程中,不迭标人群进一步扩大,由于耐力素质“不达标”而导致体质健康“不达标”所占比例逐年增加,高达76．56％。     

湖南省肥胖中学生心肺机能特点研究

为探讨肥胖对中学生心肺机能的影响,运用文献资料、数理统计法等方法,分析了湖南省20所城乡中学15 600名学生的体质测试及体检结果,并将1 263名肥胖中学生的心肺机能的相关指标与正常体重中学生进行比较.结果显示:肥胖中学生的基础心率、安静时心率、血压均高于体重正常的中学生,并与其体脂百分比呈正相关,肺活量虽略大于体重正常的中学生,但肺活量指数却小于体重正常的中学生并与其体脂百分比呈负相关.研究表明:肥胖中学生心肺机能低于正常体重中学生,并与其体脂百分比有相关性.建议社会重视中学生肥胖问题,及时采取积极的措施纠正肥胖并预防肥胖的发生.     

海口市中小学生身体素质评价标准的制定

为了评价海口市中小学生身体素质,提高他们参加体育锻炼的积极性,以1995年海口市中小学生2400人体质调研数据为样本,使用百分位数法制定了海口市中小学生身体素质评价标准.     

湖北省大学生体质健康状况分析及对策研究

本文对湖北省高校实施《学生体质健康标准》的情况进行分析与研究,并且将测试结果与全国及江苏省进行比较.研究结果说明;湖北大学生身体形态比较理想,体型较匀称;身体机能与全国平均水平相当,但低于江苏省;身体素质与运动能力低于全国及江苏省;体质健康整体上处于中等偏下水平.建议尽快实施健身运动处方,使体育锻炼个体化、科学化;完善体质和健康监测和评价反馈系统,为增强大学生体质提供保证.