超常儿童创造力促进的实证研究——基于数学创造性课堂环境的构建

促进超常儿童创造力发展是为国家培养拔尖创新人才的重要途径。创造性课堂环境对超常儿童创造力发展有着十分重要的作用。教师是构建创造性课堂环境的关键因素,但目前教师构建创造性课堂环境的能力有待提升,且亟须具体可操作的指导策略。本研究基于已编制的《创造性课堂环境构建的指标体系》开展教师培训,为教师提供构建创造性课堂环境的具体指导。采用准实验研究法,验证构建创造性课堂环境对超常儿童创造力培养的有效性。以5名数学学科教师、42名普通班中的超常儿童及与之同班的147名普通儿童为研究对象,采用一般领域的发散性思维测试(Alternate Use Task,AUT)评估儿童创造力水平。研究结果表明：(1)经过专业培训,教师在创造性课堂环境构建的5个行为指标上得分均显著提升。(2)超常儿童在发散性思维3个指标上的得分显著高于普通儿童。(3)与普通教学相比,实验教学能显著提升超常和普通儿童的创造力水平。这表明教师学习和应用《创造性课堂环境构建的指标体系》不仅能提升其创造性课堂环境构建能力,而且其构建的创造性课堂环境能同时促进超常和普通儿童创造力的发展。     

超常儿童阅读动机研究

采用问卷调查法分别对62名超常儿童(初、高中生)，52名常态儿童(初二年级)的阅读动机进行调查。结果发现：(1)中学超常儿童的阅读动机是多维度的，包括内部动机、外部动机、社会性动机与自我效能感，而且它们之间是相互联系相互影响的。(2)总体上超常儿童的阅读动机没有显著的年级与性别差异。(3)同年龄的超常儿童与常态儿童的阅读动机无显著差异。     

课堂环境与中小学生创造力发展——穆斯(MOOS)社会环境理论在课堂环境中的解读

学生创造力的培养有赖于恰当的宏观和微观环境,课堂环境就是这个微观环境的重要组成部分之一。本文重点介绍了穆斯(MOOS)社会环境理论在课堂环境结构中的应用。通过对课堂环境人际关系、个人发展和目标导向以及系统维持与改变三个维度的分析,提出在课堂环境中,融洽的师生关系和尊重个性的同伴关系将促使学生更多地表达创意;关注学生的自我成长将会激发学生更高的创造动机;平等民主的课堂将促使学生产生更多的创造性行为。     

阅读动机、阅读投入、同伴辅助学习对小学生阅读能力的影响——一个有调节的中介作用模型

利用区域教育质量监测数据,建立结构方程模型,考察阅读动机、阅读投入、同伴辅助学习对小学生阅读能力的影响。结果表明：阅读的内部动机和外部动机均显著影响小学生的阅读能力;阅读投入在阅读动机和阅读能力关系间发挥部分中介作用;同伴辅助学习在阅读动机与阅读投入关系间发挥正向调节作用;在“阅读投入—阅读能力”的调节机制中,高水平同伴辅助学习的影响效应不如低水平同伴辅助学习。为系统提升小学生阅读能力,教师可尝试从以下几个方面着手：构建积极的阅读评价环境,激发学生的良性阅读动机;营造自由开放的阅读氛围,提升学生的阅读投入水平;发挥同伴辅助学习的积极调节作用,利用亚文化群体带动阅读正向发展。     

“专递课堂”对乡村儿童创造力倾向的影响及其机制探讨——基于31所乡村薄弱校1068名学生的调查北大核心CSSCI

在强调创新的21世纪,创造力倾向对乡村学校儿童来说,不仅会影响乡村儿童今后的生存和发展质量,还会影响到国家的整体创新水平。为了探讨近年来我国一些农村学校的"专递课堂"教学模式对乡村儿童创造力倾向的影响,该研究利用准实验法研究方法,比较了"专递课堂"模式干预儿童和未干预儿童的创造力倾向水平,并探讨了"专递课堂"模式影响乡村学校儿童创造力倾向的机制。结果表明,上过"专递课堂"的乡村学校儿童的创造力倾向水平显著高于未上过"专递课堂"的乡村学校儿童,并且乡村儿童的创造力倾向水平与儿童对音乐和美术活动的喜爱程度呈显著相关关系。     

心理剧干预对改善儿童同伴关系的对照研究

同伴关系是儿童社会化进程中的一个重要方面,利用心理剧干预技术,紧密结合小学儿童同伴关系的特点,对学生进行心理剧干预实验,在干预前后对实验组和对照组同学进行《儿童社会距离量表》的调查。研究结果表明,通过心理剧干预活动,实验组儿童社会距离前后测量结果存在显著差异,心理剧干预活动对改善同伴关系不良学生的社交距离和社交态度具有显著效果。心理剧对改善儿童不良同伴关系有积极的影响。     

教师支持对流动儿童学习投入的影响：一个有调节的中介

教师是流动儿童在城市生活与学习中的重要他人。为探讨流动儿童感知教师支持、心理资本、学习投入与内部动机的基本状况及其关系,对526名流动儿童进行问卷调查。结果发现：流动儿童感知教师支持、心理资本、学习投入与内部动机的总体状况良好;心理资本在教师支持与学习投入之间发挥部分中介作用,内部动机在前半段路径起调节作用。基于这个有调节的中介模型,建议从增强教师支持、提高心理资本、重视内部动机三个方面入手,提升流动儿童学习投入水平。     

儿童心理发展的成长论

儿童心理发展中存在着一个文化适应的问题,不同文化环境中的儿童发展不同。儿童心理发展的成长论主张积极有为的发展观,重视人为性在儿童发展中的张力;主张儿童在乐群、善群的环境中成长,它关注儿童自身的养成意义,关注儿童发展中的同伴文化,主张由家庭、学校、社会、儿童同伴文化共同组成儿童成长环境。摘自《教育理论与实践》儿童心理发展的成长论     

加强基础学科创新人才培养——"双减"背景下数学超常儿童培养路径探析

数学超常儿童是国家科技人才的后备力量之一.数学超常儿童除具备较高的一般数学能力外,还具有较强的数学创造力,在超常儿童的鉴别与培养中应重视数学创造力.影响数学超常儿童发展的内源性因素有数学领域的早期接触、积极体验(如学科态度、学科信念、自我概念),外界对超常儿童数学学习的支持同样影响其发展.在"双减"倡导个性化教学、发挥...     

青少年创造力倾向与同伴关系的相关关系

采用问卷调查法对821名青少年的创造力倾向及其与同伴关系的相关性进行了探讨。研究表明：（1）青少年创造力倾向存在性别差异;父亲教育程度对青少年创造力倾向存在显著性影响;学生干部的学生的创造力倾向高于非学生干部的学生的创造力倾向。（2）创造力倾向与同伴关系、友谊质量关系水平存在显著正相关;青少年创造力倾向与同伴接纳之间不存在显著相关。     

Maximal performance on divergent thinking tests by gifted,talented, and nongifted children

Explicit instructions to “be creative” often are used to estimate the role of task-perception in divergent thinking test performance; however, previous research on this topic has employed only nongifted individuals. The present investigation compared gifted (n = 97), talented (n = 53), and nongifted (n = 90) intermediate school children in terms of divergent thinking fluency, flexibility, and originality scores elicted by standard and explicit instructions. Results indicated that the scores of all groups were significantly different in the two instructional conditions. More importantly, there was a significant interaction between this instructional effect and children's level of ability. The explicit instructions enhanced the originality scores of the talented and nongifted children more than those of the gifted children; and the same instructions inhibited the fluency and flexibility scores of the gifted children more than those of the talented and nongifted children. These results have important implications for testing creativity and for our understanding of giftedness.     

The CLEM model: Path analysis of the mediating effects of attitudes and motivational beliefs on the relationship between perceived learning environment and course performance in an undergraduate non-major biology course

In this study, the following questions were addressed in an undergraduate non-major biology course using a large lecture format: Is there a relationship between students?? perceptions of their learning environment and course performance, and what roles do motivation and attitudes play in mediating that relationship? The purpose of this study was to test a path model describing the mediating effects of motivation and attitudes on learning environments and course performance. The study considered contemporary understanding of teaching and learning, as well as motivation and attitudes, in suggesting a direction for future reform efforts and to guide post-secondary science education instructors and leaders in the design of learning environments for undergraduate non-major biology courses. Among the classroom learning environment variables assessed in this study, personal relevance was the major contributor to predicting attitudes, motivation and course performance. Although the classroom learning environment had a very weak direct effect on course performance, there was a moderate total effect on self-efficacy and intrinsic goal orientation. The classroom learning environment also had a moderate total effect on attitudes toward biology. Attitudes toward biology had a moderate direct effect on self-efficacy. While attitudes toward biology was significantly correlated with course performance, the direct effect was extremely weak and was dropped from the model. However, attitudes toward biology had a moderate indirect effect on course performance due to the mediating effects of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy had a strong direct effect on course performance and therefore seemed to be particularly important. The model tested in this study explained 33?% of the variance in course performance, 56?% of the variance in self-efficacy, 24?% of the variance in attitudes toward biology, and 18?% of the variance in intrinsic goal orientation. To improve course performance, instructors should focus on building self-efficacy among their students and ensure that students find the course personally relevant.     

Play and Creativity: Developmental issues

Play and creativity have been linked in numerous ways. Theoretically, pretend play fosters the development of cognitive and affective processes that are important in the creative act. Russ's (1993) model of affect and creativity identified the major cognitive and affective processes involved in creativity and the relations among them, based on the research literature. Central to both play and creativity is divergent thinking. Both cognitive and affective processes in play have been related to divergent thinking in children. In a longitudinal study, quality of fantasy and imagination in play predicted divergent thinking over time. Divergent thinking itself was relatively stable over time. An important question is whether play can facilitate creativity. Play has been found to facilitate insight ability and divergent thinking. Studies have also shown that children can be taught to improve their play skills. Future research studies should: (i) investigate specific mechanisms that account for the relationship between play and creativity; (ii) develop play intervention techniques that improve play skills; and (iii) carry out longitudinal studies with large enough samples to enable the application of statistical procedures such as path analysis.     

Abusive supervision by academic supervisors and postgraduate research students’ creativity: the mediating role of leader–member exchange and intrinsic motivation

Drawing upon the componential theory of creativity, cognitive evaluation theory and social exchange theory, the study reported in this paper tested a mediating model based on the hypothesis that abusive supervision negatively influences creativity sequentially through leader–member exchange (LMX) and intrinsic motivation. The study employed structural equation modelling to analyse data from a survey on 857 postgraduates with academic supervisors at four universities in China. The findings were that (1) LMX fully mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and intrinsic motivation; (2) intrinsic motivation partially mediates the relationship between LMX and creativity; and (3) LMX and intrinsic motivation sequentially mediate the relationship between abusive supervision and individual creativity. Theoretical contributions to understanding the mechanism underlying the effect of abusive supervision on individual creativity and the practical implications of academic supervisors’ leadership practices and universities creativity management strategy are discussed.     

从斯滕伯格的创造力投资理论谈幼儿创造力培养

本在介绍美国心理学家斯滕伯格１９９１年提出的创造力投资理论的基础上,结合我国幼儿教育的实际,提出了应从以下６个方面来培养幼儿的创造力;（１）不要局限于发散思维的培养;（２）培养幼儿的智力;（３）培养幼儿灵活运用知识的能力;（４）尊重幼儿的智力方式;（５）培养幼儿创造的人格和内有动机;（６）提供有利于幼儿创造力发展的环境。     

3-5岁幼儿口语叙事能力对创造力发展的影响

为探讨3-5岁幼儿口语叙事能力对创造力发展的影响,采用修订后的叙事评估工具(NAP)与创造力测评工具(EPoC)对108名3-5岁幼儿进行个体施测。研究结果表明:(1)3-5岁幼儿口语叙事能力随年龄不断增长,4岁为快速发展期;(2)创造力的整体发展趋势随年龄增长呈倒U型,即在3-4岁幼儿创造力随年龄不断提高,在5岁时随年龄增长而下降;(3)3-5岁幼儿创造力与口语叙事能力发展均无显著性别差异;(4)3-5岁幼儿口语叙事能力中故事语法维度对幼儿发散性思维与语言创造力有显著正向预测作用,贡献率分别为7.6%和11.4%。     

Thinking styles and conceptions of creativity among university students

This research aims to understand university students’ thinking styles and the relationship with their views of creativity. The Thinking Styles Inventory‐Revised II was used to measure 13 thinking styles as defined in Sternberg’s theory of mental self‐government and the Conceptions of Creativity Scales was used to inquire students’ views about the conditions for evaluating creativity from six aspects: intelligence, knowledge, style of thinking, personality, motivation and learning environment. Significant relationships were identified between thinking styles and conceptions of creativity. This research contributes to the understanding about the relationship between conceptions of creativity and thinking styles, and brings insights for educators about educational innovations, as one of the key objectives of educational innovations is to develop creativity of the younger generation.     

Motivating young language learners: A longitudinal model of self-determined motivation in elementary school foreign language classes

Promoting intrinsic motivation is often a central concern in teaching foreign languages to elementary school children. Self-determination theory posits that intrinsic motivation develops through the interaction of the person and the environment. The present study investigated how elementary school students’ motivation develops over the course of a school year in Japanese public schools. Five-hundred and fifteen Japanese elementary school children were surveyed over the course of one school year. Self-reported motivation, perceptions of teacher support, need satisfaction, and engagement were measured at different times. External raters observed students’ engagement, while classroom teachers assessed the quality of students’ motivation and learning. Structural equation modeling results indicated a positive, dynamic relationship between motivation, perceptions of the learning environment, and engagement. External raters’ assessments showed significant positive correlations with students’ self-reported engagement. Findings indicate how the instruction offered in these Japanese elementary schools supported students’ foreign language learning motivation.     

Reflections as near‐peer facilitators of an inquiry project for undergraduate anatomy: Successes and challenges from a term of trial‐and‐error

Near‐peer facilitators (senior students serving as facilitators to their more junior peers) bring a unique student‐based perspective to teaching. With fewer years of teaching experience however, students who become involved in a facilitator role typically develop related skills quickly through a process of trial‐and‐error within the classroom. The aim of this paper is to report on the authors' own experiences and reflections as student near‐peer facilitators for an inquiry‐based project in an undergraduate anatomy course. Three areas of the facilitator experience are explored: (1) offering adequate guidance as facilitators of inquiry, (2) motivating students to engage in the inquiry process, and (3) fostering creativity in learning. A practical framework for providing guidance to students is discussed which offers facilitators a scaffold for asking questions and assisting students through the inquiry process. Considerations for stimulating intrinsic motivations toward inquiry learning are made, paying attention to ways in which facilitators might influence feelings of motivation towards learning. Also, the role of creativity in inquiry learning is explored by highlighting the actions facilitators can take to foster a creative learning environment. Finally, recommendations are made for the development of formalized training programs that aid near‐peer facilitators in the acquisition of facilitation skills before entering into a process of trial‐and‐error within the classroom. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 64–70. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

Characteristics of the home context for the nurturing of gifted children in Saudi Arabia

This study investigates factors in the home environment and their influence on children’s analytical, creative, and practical skills. A sample of 294 gifted children (195 male) was recruited from grades 4–7 in Saudi Arabia, where the family context is highly influenced by the principles of Islam. Results did not confirm the effect of birth order, but showed that (1) mother’s education was an important factor for gifted children’s creativity; (2) the number of boys in the family was negatively associated with gifted boys’ creativity (r?=??.21); and (3) Quran-related learning experiences were positively related to gifted girls’ analytical (r?=?.46) and creative (r?=?.42) skills. Implications for understanding non-Western environments for gifted children are discussed.