Leadership development challenges in South African schools: The Advanced Certificate: Education (School Management and Leadership)

Abstract

A number of schools in South Africa appear to be struggling with the changes that the government is introducing to improve the quality of education and lay a strong foundation for the country's societal transformation. Leadership has been found to be one of the factors that are associated with how schools cope with change and its complexities. This article focuses on a conceptual examination of the national Advanced Certificate: Education (School Management and Leadership) programme's capacity for promoting sustainable leadership in schools. The findings from the critical analysis of the qualification's documentation suggest that the current formulation of this school leadership development programme does not address the complexities of leadership and change, and is thus unlikely to adequately contribute towards leadership effectiveness or its sustainability in schools. It may, however, contribute to short- term school improvements, policy compliance, management effectiveness or economy and/or administrative efficiency.     

分布式领导——西方学校领导再造探研

分布式领导概念提出于20世纪90年代中后期，它基于对传统领导观念的突破，从领导方式、形态、范围等角度再造了学校领导。文章通过系统分析比较分布式领导定义，了解其研究状况和尚待研究的领域，阐述实施过程中的动力与阻力因素，从而反思国内学校领导实践和理论研究的现状及其发展。     

学校有效领导力：一种分布式领导实践的视角

“分布式领导“这一术语产生于2泄纪90年代中后期,它突破了单向的、静态的、线性的领导观念,从多向的、动态的、流动的角度再造了学校领导.从分布式领导实践的视角考察学校有效领导力,可以理解为在领导中采用一种针对行为的方法,在结构、状态和设计方面,将校长、教师和他们的状态互动的个体领导行为进行集合,以促进组织目标的实现.     

中国文化与学校道德领导

中国文化历来重视领导价值，并以道德背景作为储备领导的条件。近年来，“道德领导”这一领导模式在英语国家引起了广泛关注。中国文化传统对学校领导实践的影响为领导理论、尤其是教育领导理论提供了一个本土视角。     

Individual and Collective Leadership in School Science Departments

Given that the subject department is recognised by subject specialist teachers as the central and immediate unit of organization in secondary schools it is surprising that so little attention has been paid by researchers to the leadership dynamics within science departments. The leadership dynamics within the science departments of two contrasting school contexts were explored dialectically in this study. The structure ∣ agency and individual∣collective dialectics guided our interpretation of data from lesson observations, interviews and questionnaire responses, especially as they related to teachers' preparation of units of work (i.e., planned curriculum). As well as recognising thin coherence in teachers' responses we identify contradictions in teachers' perceived and enacted leadership roles, and perceptions of influences on curriculum planning and teaming within the two science departments. Throughout the article we disrupt traditional individualistic leadership discourses and suggest possibilities for more widespread application of an individual | collective leadership dialectic in school science departments.     

学校改进中的校长领导力提升:一种分布式领导的研究视角

学校改进中的校长领导力提升是当前学校变革与发展的诉求。要落实"教育规划纲要"成功实现学校改进,就要在校长领导力开发过程中,主动寻求新的领导理论支撑,架构一种分布式领导模式,将校长培养成一名分布式领导者,这可为解决教育管理实践中存在的问题开拓一个新视角。     

关于对高校院(系)领导体制问题的思考

根据我国高校院(系)领导体制的探索与实践,提出了目前高校院(系)领导体制改革的几种观点,说明党政共同负责是目前高校院(系)领导体制改革的一种理想选择.为了贯彻落实好党政共同负责,还必须在实际工作中处理好几种关系.     

学校领导在欧洲

作为一名校长或者一名从事开发校长培训课程的理论工作者,是否了解本国以及世界各国关于校长工作条件、角色以及校长影响力的情况,至关重要。本文主要论述:欧洲在这个领域的最新发展;欧盟目标,即在拥有49个成员国和更多语种的欧盟,发展一个欧洲学校系统和一个欧洲学校领导模式;国家层面上的校长协会和欧洲层面上的欧洲中小学校长联合会的创建;欧洲中小学校长联合会在把学校领导的利益植入欧洲一体化进程中的地位及其项目;以及教育领导的道德维度。     

学校发展的现实困境与可持续学校领导

当前中小学的发展已经陷入可持续性不足的困境中,主要表现为学生的浅表性学习与厌学情绪弥散,校长、教师的应付性工作与教育热情隐退,学校之间的过度竞争与发展能量消耗,标准化要求与学校种群单一。突破这一困境需要我们确立一种可持续学校领导观。可持续学校领导观强调学习的深入性,追求领导的广泛性,关注领导的延续性,坚持领导的正义性,珍视教育生态的多样性。要将可持续领导从观念落到实践,需要我们构建起可持续学校领导系统,形成学校领导共同体,做好学校领导更替工作,并关注学校领导在纵向时间上的关联。     

学校领导的新进展：从教学领导到转型领导

学校领导的研究已有100余年的历史,20世纪80年代后出现了两种占主导地位的领导范式:教学领导和转型领导。前者强调自上而下的控制;后者强调自下至上的参与式改革,是一种分享式的领导范式。教学领导凭借管理与控制组织成员导向既定的目标;转型领导则通过提升组织成员的期望值来憧憬、创造未来。鉴于两者的优点与不足,未来的领导范式将是两者的有机整合。     

校长道德领导力的提升

校长的道德领导力是校长引领学校全校师生培育和践行核心价值观及实现积极变革的过程、行为和能力。校长的道德领导力呈现为愿景领导力、变革领导力和课程领导力,具有5个方面的表现特征。在校长道德领导力建设过程中,需要处理好个人认识与全校共识、愿景提出与实践落实、目标实现与内部协调、常态领导与危机领导、思想感召与制度规范之间的关系。     

萨乔万尼论学校道德领导

托马斯·萨乔万尼(Thomas J.Sergiovanni)是美国教育管理非主流派的重要代表。擅以教育管理的批判范型研究教育管理现象及问题。他最早提出了学校道德领导理论。其核心是学校领导要建构学校共同愿景与理念,强调责任与义务。他的学校道德领导理论不只是停留在观念层面,还提出了许多具体的实施措施。尽管这一理论是基于荚国的社会背景提出的,但它仍可以促使我们重新审视曾认为是不可动摇的学校领导观念和或许正在孜孜以求的学校领导实践,而转向思考学校领导的道德维度,形成学校领导和“以德治校”的新视界。     

校长在学校改进中的领导力

在学校改进中,校长的领导力起着关键作用,其中,浇铸理念、创建愿景、凝练信任、分享权力是学校改进取得成功的重要领导力。这些领导力使校长能倾听自己的声音,给团队成员以动力,促进团队成员精诚合作,为团队成员提供发展的机会。学校改进是内生式的发展,大学研究者是校长及其学校团队的合作伙伴。学校始终处于变革之中,改进没有起点和终点,每一个针对学校问题的思考与行动都是学校改进的生长点。因此,校长的领导力提升是学校改进的重要内容。     

西方变革领导理论对中国学校改革的启示

中国自20世纪90年代开始推行素质教育改革,改革的重点逐步由宏观教育体制落实到学校层面。素质教育改革客观上要求学校改变传统组织文化和结构,注重人的全面发展。变革型领导理论已被证实为推动学校变革和发展的主要模式。这一领导模式通过促进教师的专业发展,实现学校文化的重塑和教育质量的提升。本文对变革领导理论的核心内容和研究进展进行了阐述,旨在了解并掌握西方“学校领导引领变革”的知识基础,以期对中国学校改革有所助益。     

School Leadership and School Development: reflections from research

This article examines what two school‐based qualitative research projects have highlighted about primary school leadership and development. After discussing findings from the Primary School Staff Relationships and Whole School Curriculum Development Projects, the author reflects upon these insights in terms of: the complexity of leadership; instrumental and expressive leadership; the pace of school development; headteacher motivation; vision, ownership and community. The author concludes that primary school leadership needs to be more carefully researched and rethought.     

Educational Leadership and Context: A Rendering of an Inseparable Relationship

The amount of empirical research on leadership of educational organisations, and especially of schools, which has stressed the importance of being sensitive to context, is not great. This paper seeks to highlight the challenge presented by this situation. First, context is defined. Second, attention is drawn to what can be learned in the area of school leadership from the emphasis in other bodies of scholarship within the broad field of education studies on paying attention to matters of context. Third, an overview is provided of some of the key considerations arising out of the small body of work undertaken in the field by those researchers who have focussed on the broad range of issues that can arise for school leaders in distinctive contexts. Finally, five key and interconnected propositions to guide practice with regard to leadership in diverse contexts that have been generated from an analysis of the latter body of work are presented. In doing so, it is recognised that these are tentative in the absence of a much larger corpus of work. Overall, we hope that, along with providing intellectual sustenance, each of the four areas considered will also stimulate discussion on areas for further research.     

执政与民主的法治化

在中国共产党领导下,坚持依法执政,依法民主,即执政与民主的法治化,是坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一的基本思路。这是中国共产党历史地位与历史任务转变的历史选择,这是中华人民共和国依法治国的必然选择,这是党的建设的内在要求,这是人民当家作主的具体体现和实现方式,这是中国现实、国情赋予中国共产党的历史使命。     

School Leadership in West Africa: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review

The literature shows that leadership is the second most important factor influencing school and learner outcomes, including levels of literacy and numeracy, school leaving examination results, and progression to secondary and higher education. This article focuses on school leadership in West Africa, drawing on a systematic review of the academic and ‘grey’ literature, commissioned by UNESCO. The aim of the desk research was to ascertain the state of school leadership at all levels. The study shows that no West African countries provide specific preparation for school principals. It also shows that the predominant leadership style is managerial, with accountability to the hierarchy, within and beyond the school. The article concludes that specific development programmes should be provided for current and aspiring principals.     

论党内民主与当代中国民主政治建设

当代中国发展社会主义民主政治,最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。党内民主是加强和改善党的领导的关键,是带动人民民主的强大动力,是实行依法治国的先决条件。     

试论中小学课堂教学民主化

课堂教学民主化是培养民主社会人才，使其具有批判与创新精神、创造力以及开放、宽容、平等、合作、尊重差异等良好的个性心理品质的重要条件，也是建立良好的师生关系，提高教育质量的要求。课堂教学民主化应是教师追求的重要目标与境界。具体来说，课堂教学民主化主要体现在如下三方面：一是师生间建立民主和谐的师生关系；二是在教学过程中，学生都能获得教师的同等对待；三是学生积极参与课堂教学与管理。