What is to be done? Children's ascriptions of conventional obligations

It is often not apparent what people ought to do. Three experiments explored cues that children and adults may use to identify conventional obligations. Experiment 1 addressed the hypothesis that young children identify obligations with expected outcomes. Although preschool-aged (4-5 years) children often expected consistency, they and school-aged (7-8 years) and adult participants indicated that obligations may be at odds with costs and benefits. In Experiment 2, all participants realized that people may have obligations they are unaware of. Preschool-aged children often used information about obligations to identify characters' beliefs. In Experiment 3, preschool but not school-aged children reliably identified obligations with the desires of authorities. The results are discussed in terms of expectations about canonical relations between mental states, outcomes, and obligations.     

Are first graders' arithmetic skills related to the quality of mathematics textbooks? A study on students’ use of arithmetic principles

A major goal of the first years of schooling is students' development from using counting strategies to using calculation strategies – or even recall – to solve addition or subtraction problems. It requires the perception and usage of arithmetic principles. Although the continued use of counting strategies is problematic for further learning progress, they are frequently used by many students beyond Grade 1. While learning resources possibly play a role in students' development in this field, our knowledge about their impact is limited. In this study we investigated the presented learning opportunities of four different textbooks regarding arithmetic principles in Grade 1, and subsequently the relation to first graders' strategy use by analyzing a one-year dataset of 1614 students from 86 classes. The analyses show differences in the textbooks' quality concerning arithmetic principles as well as a considerable connection to students' strategy use at the end of Grade 1.     

Missed Opportunities: What can be learnt from EPs’ experiences at SEN tribunals?

This article explores the experiences of eight Educational Psychologists (EPs) in the UK who acted as expert witnesses at Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunals (SENDIST) hearings in the last 12 months on behalf of their employing Local Authority (LA). A thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with all eight EPs indicated two super-ordinate themes related to process and professional role. This included challenges with the quality of instructions, information sharing and a failure of mediation. An overarching theme suggested a sense of dissonance related to EPs’ perceived professional role as co-constructors of solutions, and the demands placed upon them by the adversarial appeals process. This paper explores possible ways in which to refocus the EP role in tribunals in order to support LAs to manage the appeals process more effectively. Furthermore, it is suggested that Educational Psychology Services should consider developing a formal commissioned role with LAs that positions mediation at the heart of EP tribunal work.     

What is this?

"在每一个天空被洒满朦胧月色的夜晚,我从幽深的森林里启程,来到人们居住的地方,吸食人们的梦。我不会害怕在吃梦的时候吵醒熟睡着的人们。因为我生性胆怯,在夜色中,只会发出轻轻的、摇篮曲一样的叫声……"传说中我过着这样的生活。然而你真的知道我是什么吗?     

What is this?

也许你觉得我很可怕,但我其实是个傻娃娃!咦?你在笑什么,难道觉得我在说大话?哼,不要小看了我啊。如果你了解我,一定就不会这样嘲笑我了。我的名字?现在可不能告诉你,老规矩,来猜猜看吧!     

What is transit?

The event of Venus passing in front of the Sun is called the transit. This is equivalent to an eclipse with the Moon replaced by the planet Venus. In this article, the rarity and importance of the event and the historical explorations are discussed.     

What does it mean to be Irish? Children's construction of national identity1

Ideas relating to identity and belonging are central to the public discourse around citizenship that has emerged in Ireland and internationally in recent years. One thread of that discourse relates to the role of national identity in societies that are increasingly diverse and multicultural. In view of the growing importance of citizenship education, understanding children's ideas about national identity is vital if educators are to engage children in the construction of an hospitable, critical and reflective citizenry. This research was undertaken in two phases during 2003 and 2004. Participating in the study were 119 children, drawn from a range of social contexts. Premised on a social constructivist view of children and childhood, the research drew on participative and democratic methodologies. While the study suggests the existence of an essentialist conception of Irish identity, it also demonstrates the capacity and willingness of children to engage in critical reflection on their constructions of Irishness.     

What is it?

Yon can find it everywhere．Yon can touch it or feel it.But it can’t be eaten and can’t be drunk．There is air in it．There is water in it．Because it has much nutrition(营养物)which plants live on it,and we     

What is Feminism?

Feminism is the one or two hours you wait up for your female companion;Feminism is the sweat you generate when escorting     

What is this?

"我,我的名字?""唉,别问了,有毒的海水就快流过来了……你觉得我很漂亮?谢谢谢谢,我要走了……回见!""喂!等一等啊!"唉,我们今天的这位嘉宾实在太害怕了,不过这也不能怪它,求生要紧嘛!好在我们给它做了一段匆匆忙忙的现场采访,那么,让我们来看一下吧!     

What is good?

“What is the real good?”I ask in musing mood.“Order,”said the law court;“Knowledge,”said the school;     

What is Anthrax?

Anthrax (炭疽热) is an often fatal ( 致命的 ) disease which can he caught through contact with animals ( mostly farm animals ) .It is rarely seen today hut still exists in some underdeveloped areas in the world.People most often catch the disease through contact with infected (感染的) animals or their wool or     

What is this?

"嘿……你认得我吗?""哎哟!谁,谁打我的头……"你!说的就是你,不要这么突然跑出来吓人啊!哼,就算你是我们今天请来的客人,也要乖乖守规矩才可以!咳咳,大家好,让我把台词说完……来,猜猜看今天来到我们这个栏目的朋友是谁吧!当然,按老规矩,要先给它画张像才可以!