Are changes in running economy associated with changes in performance in runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Improvements in running economy (RE) are thought to lead to improvements in running performance (P). Multiple interventions have been designed with the aim of improving RE in middle and long-distance runners. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of interventions of at least 2-weeks’ duration on RE and P and to determine whether there is a relationship between changes in RE (ΔRE) and changes in running performance (ΔP). A database search was carried out in Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. In accordance with a PRISMA checklist 10 studies reporting 12 comparisons between interventions and controls were included in the review. There was no correlation between percentage ΔRE and percentage ΔP (r = 0.46, P = 0.936, 12 comparisons). There was a low risk of reporting bias but an unclear risk of bias for other items. Meta-analyses found no statistically significant differences between interventions and controls for RE (SMD (95% CI) = ?0.37 (?1.43, 0.69), 204 participants, p = 0.49) or for P (SMD (95% CI) = ?0.65 (?26.02, 24.72, 204 participants, p = 0.99). There is a need for studies of greater statistical power, methodological quality, duration and homogeneity of intervention and population. Standardised measures of performance and greater control over non-intervention training are also required.     

中跑运动员跑步经济性与运动成绩的相关性研究

探索中跑运动员跑步经济性(running economy,RE)与运动成绩的相关性,通过实验探索出中跑运动员RE测试的最佳负荷。根据.VO2max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象。研究结果发现,7名受试者运动成绩的排序和RE12的排序相关性呈现出高度显著性(r=0.98,P=0.00)。研究结论表明,800 m运动成绩越好,RE12水平越好;同时也发现,选择12.0 km/h的测试速度评价中跑运动员的RE水平比较适合。     

不同水平中长跑运动员跑步能效的比较

目的:观察不同水平中长跑运动员跑步效能是否存在差异。方法:江苏田径队一、二线中长跑运动员,男性,各6名;便携式氧代谢测试仪器测试个人最好成绩平均速度下的跑步能效(RE,ml.kg-1.m-1)。结果:高水平组的跑步能效显著低于普通组的跑步能效(11.2±0.35,11.9±0.6,P=0.043)结论:本研究中高水平组运动员具有更好的运动节省能力。     

力量训练提升马拉松跑者耐力运动表现的研究进展及训练策略

有氧能力的高低是马拉松跑者能否取得优异成绩的关键。最大摄氧量、乳酸阈和跑步经济性是衡量运动员有氧能力和耐力运动表现的关键指标,也是长跑训练效果的核心考量。由于力量和耐力训练对机体产生不同的训练刺激,教练员和运动员很少将力量训练作为提升耐力运动表现的手段,以防止有氧能力受到负面影响。通过对大量文献梳理发现,力量训练可以在不影响机体最大摄氧量和乳酸阈值的前提下,通过改善神经肌肉功能、转换肌纤维类型以及增强肌肉肌腱刚度和利用弹性势能的能力,提高跑步经济性和无氧能力,改善运动员耐力运动表现。本文基于对力量、耐力训练的生理学适应的探讨,总结不同形式力量训练对耐力运动表现的影响与作用机制,并为马拉松选手科学安排力量训练提出建议,从而优化其耐力运动表现。     

耐力训练、神经骨骼肌系统适应与跑步经济性

跑步经济性和运动成绩密切相关。进行专项运动训练,下肢运动肌募集方式更为精炼。耐力训练可诱导神经骨骼肌系统发生适应,降低代谢需求,提高运动成绩。自行车运动单项与多项组合项目相比,下肢运动肌募集方式存在差异。目前,研究非常关注单项与多项组合项目诱导神经骨骼肌系统适应间的差异。但是,并不清楚这些特异性神经骨骼肌系统适应是否有助于提高或损害耐力性项目的运动成绩？神经骨骼肌系统适应可能在影响耐力性项目的运动成绩。力量训练和超等长训练可提高运动的经济性,但这些适应性的变化对跑步时运动肌募集方式产生多少有益的影响并不清楚。当前,尚没有充足的证据显示拉伸训练和运动鞋可提高运动的经济性。     

跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量评价篮球运动员有氧能力的比较研究

以天津商务职业学院24名男篮球队员为研究对象,通过跑台测试、因子分析法等,采用跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量对篮球运动员进行评价分析。结果显示:篮球运动员跑节省化的修正值在第一公因子中载荷最大,在第二、第三公因子中跑节省化相关指标的载荷量处于相对重要位置,在第四公因子中只有跑节省化时通气量;跑节省化、无氧阈和最大摄氧量三指标在评价篮球运动员有氧耐力时,跑节省化指标优势明显。提示:跑节省化可以作为评价篮球运动员有氧耐力的首选指标。     

高校女生12min跑取代800m跑体能测试方法的可行性研究

目的：对最大摄氧量和氧脉搏同800m跑、12min跑成绩的相关性作探讨,以确定哪种方法更适合作为高校普通大学生体育课体能测试的评定方法。方法：研究对象为太原理工大学20名普通在读大二女生。运用意大利科时迈（COSMED）公司生产的quarkb2型运动心肺功能测试系统测得受试对象的最大摄氧量。在标准的400m田径场上分别测得受试对象12min跑和800m跑成绩。运用SPSS11.0统计软件对测试结果进行数据处理。结果：①女生12min跑成绩同最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和氧脉搏成低度正相关。②女生800m跑成绩同最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和氧脉搏成低度负相关。结论：12min跑比800m跑更适合用于评定高校普通大学女生有氧能力的体能测试方法。     

影响跑步经济性的人体下肢肌肉做功研究

探索人体下肢肌肉做功对跑步经济性的影响,选择受过良好训练且水平在一级左右的男子中长跑运动员15人.根据VO2 max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象.研究发现,在摆动和支撑阶段,臀大肌的做功排名与RE呈负相关(r= -0. 89,P<0.01);表征摆动阶段的腓肠肌外侧和腓肠肌内侧以及支撑阶段的股直肌、股外侧肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌外侧等肌肉做功的主成分与RE呈负相关性(r=-0.80,P<0. 05).研究表明,提高运动员在拉长一缩短周期(SSC)的做功能力可以有效地改善运动员的跑步经济性.建议对中长跑运动员在训练过程中尝试穿插爆发性力量训练,从而通过改善SSC的做功效率来提高运动员的跑步经济性.     

极限负荷时β-内啡肽、睾酮、皮质醇对心肺功能的影响

极限负荷时运动持续时间和运动水平密切相关。研究发现运动后睾酮（T）水平与耗氧平台（VO2maxPD）显著相关,β－内啡肽（β－EP）分泌水平与最大耗氧量,耗氧平台,呼吸频率显著相关。揭示耗氧平台的维系,可能有垂体—性腺轴的参与。而β－内啡肽对呼吸频率及耗氧平台的维系也存在着调控作用。耗氧平台时心率和通气量较之安静时大辐度增长,间接说明儿茶酚胺在极限负荷时对循环系统的支持。     

中长跑运动员步频步幅与摄氧量关系的研究

通过分析研究中长跑运动员的跑速和步频步幅与摄氧量、肺通气量和心率等心肺功能的关系,以及心肺功能和身体状况探讨长跑运动员跑步中生理特点与运动规律,为改进运动员的长跑运动技术,提高训练效果和运动成绩,科学有效制定训练计划和比赛的战术提供理论依据。     

游泳运动员最大吸氧量与成绩关系的研究

通过对游泳运动员水中最大吸氧量的测试,探讨游泳运动员最大吸氧量与运动成绩的关系。表明ＶＯ２ｍａｘ相对值与４００米、１５００米相关系数密切,并具依从关系。     

健身健美操对大学生最大摄氧量的影响研究——以武汉科技大学为例

运用抽样调查、实验和比较研究法研究武汉科技大学学生的最大摄氧量。结论显示:健身健美操能显著改善大学生的心血管机能;足球、篮球、羽毛球和网球项目相比,改善效果更显著;对女生心血管机能的改善程度大于男生。     

Aerobic Demand of Running Shoes Designed to Exploit Energy Storage and Return

This qualitative case study used tenets of critical race theory and a single focus group and individual interviews with 4 African American football athletes at a predominantly White institution of higher education (PWIHE) in an effort to bring the voices of this marginalized group into the dialogue on issues concerning institutional integrity in college sport. Institutional integrity involves an athletic program's actual commitment to the educational interests of college athletes as expressed through their structures, functions, and activities. Three themes emerged from the data: (a) there is a need for more African American role models in leadership positions within the athletic departments of these PWIHE; (b) there is a need for more financial support for athletes; and (c) African American athletes should be given a platform to voice concerns. These findings have implications for those educational stakeholders and researchers who are genuinely concerned with institutional integrity in college sport.     

Peak aerobic power and paddling efficiency in recreational and competitive junior male surfers

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to measure and compare peak oxygen uptake and paddling efficiency in recreational and competitive junior male surfers. Eight male recreational surfers (mean age 18 years, s=2; mass 66.8 kg, s=13.0; height 1.75 m, s=0.10) and eight male competitive surfers (mean age 18 years, s=1; mass 68.0 kg, s=11.7; height 1.72 m, s=0.10) performed an incremental paddling test consisting of four 3-min constant load work stages followed by a ramp increase in power output of 20 W · 30 s^?1 until exhaustion. The oxygen uptake–power output relationship of the four constant load work stages and peak values obtained during the incremental paddling test were used to calculate paddling efficiency. No differences (P>0.05) were observed between the recreational and competitive surfers for peak oxygen uptake (recreational: 2.52 litres · min^?1, s=0.5; competitive: 2.66 litres · min^?1, s=0.35) or efficiency (recreational: 24%, s=3; competitive: 21%, s=4). Blood lactate concentration was significantly greater in recreational (2.4 mmol · l^?1, s=0.9) than competitive surfers (1.6 mmol · l^?1, s=0.5) during submaximal paddling. There were no differences in peak oxygen uptake or paddling efficiency between recreational and competitive surfers suggesting that peak oxygen uptake and efficiency are not sensitive to differences in surfing ability. The increase in blood lactate concentration during submaximal paddling in recreational compared with competitive surfers suggests that other determinants of paddling endurance, such as blood lactate threshold, might be better at distinguishing surfers of differing ability.     

耐力训练效果与CKMM基因A/G多态性的关联研究

研究目的：探讨耐力训练效果与中国人群CKMM基因A／G多态性之间的关联性。研究方法：测定102名中国汉族新兵，经18周的5000m跑，耐力训练前后的V02max、RE（running economy）指标，并应用PCR—RFLP法测定受试者CKMM多态性，统计CKMM基因多态性与VO2max、RE指标之间的相关性。结果：CKMM基因经PCR及NcoI内切酶消化以后得到3种基因型：AA、AG和GG，经卡方检验符合Hardy-weinberg遗传平衡定律，具有群体代表性。训练前各组基础值经方差检验无显著性差异；训练后，RE／HR、RE／VO2和RE／rVO2在整体及AA、AG组都显著下降，但GG组变化不明显；此外，下降率／XRE／VO2和／XRE／rVO2，AG组显著高于AA；而VOzmax和rVO2max在整体和各基因型组均没有显著性变化。结论：CKMM基因型与RE有关，影响个体对耐力训练的敏感性。携带AG基因型的人对耐力训练的敏感性显著高于AG型和GG型。     

不同负荷方式对大学生最大吸氧量和无氧阈的影响

通过斜度跑台、平台及功率自行车三种不同负荷方式,在渐增负荷运动中测定最大吸氧量（ＶＯ２ｍａｘ）和无氧阈（ＡＴ）,探讨了三种不同负荷方式对大学生最大吸氧量和无氧阈的影响。结果发现,在三种不同负荷方式中,斜度跑台测定的ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ要大于平台、功率自行车的值。ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ受运动负荷方式不同的影响。因此,在测定大学生ＶＯ２ｍａｘ和ＡＴ时,应选择斜度跑台进行测定