高新企业薪酬制度研究

人力资本是高新企业的关键资源,薪酬是发挥其人力资本优势的主要激励手段。"制度重于技术",薪酬制度对高新企业的生存和发展至关重要。本文在以往研究的基础上,根据高新企业的特征和人力资本的特征,提出科学合理的高新企业薪酬制度是一个采用高薪酬水平、能力工资、宽带工资结构,推行股权激励等剩余分享制,实施全面薪酬,引入竞争机制的体系。本文还利用调查数据对高新企业薪酬制度的效应进行了实证研究,为高新企业薪酬制度安排提供数据支持。文章最后对我国高新企业薪酬制度改革提出了一些建议。     

Product innovation rumors as forms of open innovation

Prior studies of open innovation have highlighted the effects of different flows of knowledge between firms and external partners—such as flows of software code, technical solutions, or new product ideas—and how firms face a “paradox of openness” about how open to be to external sources while also appropriating value. There are increasingly flows of more provisional knowledge as well, in the form of product innovation rumors exchanged within online technology blogs. Our study objective was to understand how product innovation rumors are used by firms as both inflows and outflows of provisional knowledge and their effect on the innovation process. Using interview data within a high-technology firm whose forthcoming products were the subject of rumor within technology blogs, we develop propositions regarding how inflows of product innovation rumors affect innovation decisions (while addressing concerns about appropriability and intrafirm knowledge flows) and how outflows from firms may affect stakeholders outside the firm (through selective revealing and influence of technology blog editors). Product innovation rumors in part address the paradox of openness by forming an informal means of open innovation alongside formal processes, and we suggest further research opportunities in this domain.     

The role of technology standards in product innovation: Theory and evidence from UK manufacturing firms

This paper studies the role of technology standards in firms’ product innovation in terms of both incremental innovation (within a technology life cycle) and radical innovation (beyond the present technology cycle). We first develop a theoretical model which predicts that technology standards can be used by firms as an “insurance” hedging against the risky process of developing new products. This insurance mechanism fosters incremental innovation and product growth especially for those further away from the technological frontier. Using data from a weighted panel of UK manufacturing firms over seven years, we find that the use of technology standards over past years significantly enables a firm’s incremental innovation while also reducing its incentive to deliver radical innovation. Additionally, we show that this relationship is contingent on a firm’s R&D intensity in line with predictions of our theoretical model.     

Research, development, and firm growth. Empirical evidence from European top R&D spending firms

Following recent literature, we present a model of endogenous firm growth with R&D investment as one of the main mechanisms of growth. Our study evidences a positive effect of R&D intensity on the sales growth by using OLS, quantile regressions, and GMM system estimators for a sample of 754 European firms for the 2003-2007 period. We also find this association is more intense in high-growth firms and is especially significant when referring to high-technology sectors. This paper gives empirical support to those recommendations from policy makers and business leaders for maintaining the R&D expenditures especially in high-technology sectors even when facing a recession.     

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs

This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.     

Search patterns and absorptive capacity: Low- and high-technology sectors in European countries

Searching for externally available knowledge has been characterised as a vital part of the innovation process. Previous research has, however, almost exclusively focused on high-technology environments, largely ignoring the substantial low- and medium-technology sectors of modern economies. We argue that firms from low- and high-technology sectors differ in their search patterns and that these mediate the relationship between innovation inputs and outputs. Based on a sample of 4500 firms from 13 European countries, we find that search patterns in low-technology industries focus on market knowledge and that they differ from technology sourcing activities in high-technology industries.     

The role of business analytics capabilities in bolstering firms’ agility and performance

Many companies invest considerable resources in developing Business Analytics (BA) capabilities to improve their performance. BA can affect performance in many different ways. This paper analyses how BA capabilities affect firms’ agility through information quality and innovative capability. Furthermore, it studies the moderating role of environmental turbulence, both technological and in the market. The proposed model was tested using statistical data from 154 firms with two respondents (CEO and CIO) from each firm. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares (PLS)/Structured Equation Modelling (SEM). Our results indicate that BA capabilities strongly impact a firm’s agility through an increase in information quality and innovative capability. We also discuss that both market and technological turbulence moderate the influence of firms' agility on firms' performance.     

Innovation paths and the innovation performance of low-technology firms—An empirical analysis of German industry

This paper analyses innovation paths and the innovation performance of low-technology firms in comparison to medium- and high-technology firms. Firstly, it shows that low-, medium- and high-technology sectors consist of a considerable mix of low-, medium- and high-technology firms. Thus, it is necessary to look at the firm level when analysing how innovation patterns differ depending on the level of R&D intensity. Secondly, the product and process innovation performance of low-technology firms in German industry is analysed based on data from 1663 firms in the German Manufacturing Survey 2006, applying a set of both product and process related innovation output indicators. The empirical results show that low-technology manufacturing firms lag behind their medium- and high-tech counterparts regarding their product and service innovation performance, to a large degree on purely definitional grounds, but that they seem to perform equally well and in some respects even better at process innovation.     

技术标准化创新生态系统如何推动销售增长

以技术标准为纽带构建创新生态系统,有助于促进系统内协作R&D,优化资源配置,进而提供创新生态系统价值共创的新路径。研究从“产品市场-技术市场”双维联合分析视角,探讨了中国信息产业上市公司营造技术标准化创新生态系统推动企业销售增长的深层次机理。研究发现：营造技术标准化创新生态系统与企业核心技术开发及产品营销行为具有显著的耦合效应。高科技企业营造技术标准化创新生态系统,有助于完善技术依存体系,激发同一技术范式的直接网络效应,推动本企业核心技术向产品转化;技术标准化创新生态系统还通过协调互补配套产品技术关系,激发间接网络效应,有助于强化企业的产品营销效果,推动企业销售增长。     

Mapping firms’ locations in technological space: A topological analysis of patent statistics

Where do firms innovate? Mapping their locations and directions in technological space is challenging due to its high dimensionality. We propose a new method to characterize firms’ inventive activities via topological data analysis (TDA) that represents high-dimensional data in a shape graph. Applying this method to 333 major firms’ patents in 1976–2005 reveals hitherto undocumented industry dynamics: some firms remain undifferentiated; others develop unique portfolios. Firms with unique trajectories, which we define and measure graph-theoretically as “flares” in the Mapper graph, tend to perform better. This association is statistically and economically significant, and continues to hold after we control for portfolio size, firm survivorship, and industry classification.     

公司创业是如何推动集群企业升级的？刻意学习的中介作用

 首先界定了集群企业升级的内涵。然后,基于组织学习和知识基础理论,从刻意学习这一角度,揭示公司创业推动集群企业升级的内在机理。文章认为,公司创业过程中的信息搜索以及经验汇聚为集群企业获得技术知识和市场知识提供了重要的通道。而刻意学习过程,包括集群企业内知识扩散和知识运用,将创业过程中汲取的知识与既有知识融合起来,起到了知识整合的作用,进而生成与发展了既有的技术能力和市场能力,推动了集群企业的升级。以浙江省四个产业集群内171家企业为调研对象,实证研究总体上支持了本文的研究假设。     

Recent results in measuring innovation output

The Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI) is at present engaged in evaluating a number of technology policy programs designed to promote research, development and innovation in small and medium-sized firms. These studies try to determine the extent to which these programmes have an impact upon the innovative activities of firms.In this connection, it was also attempted to measure the innovation output. The level of innovation of a firm is innovation ouput. The level of innovation of a firm is procedure involves a number of problems (self-assessment of firms in view of insufficient market transparency, distortion due to self-portraits reflecting the firms' own interests). We tried to mitigate such distortions by two approaches. Firstly, firms were asked for their technologically new products, the term “new” being applied (a) to the firm and (b) to the areas of product application. As a result of this two-tier procedure, firms supplied rather realistic answers. Secondly, supplementary questions were asked about sales figures, the competitive technological situation (nationally and internationally), expenditure on R&D, patents, stages of innovation, aims of innovation, etc.The paper presents the results obtained to date on the innovation output of firms within the framework of an evaluation of the largest programme at present devoted to promoting R&D and innovation in small and medium-sized firms . The results are based on a representative sample of approximately 4,500 small and medium-sized firms (up to 1,00 employees) with R&D activities in the Federal Republic of Germany.     

The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms

Previous research into technology strategies and patent portfolios has focused on high-technology firms, whereas low- and medium-technology companies have been relatively neglected. Therefore, we analyze how corporate technology strategy and the size and composition of patent portfolios affect the performance of low-, medium- and high-technology firms. Data from 136 European companies are used to examine four hypotheses relating financial performance to technological diversification, technological aggressiveness, patent portfolio size, and patent portfolio quality. The cross-industry sample allows analyzing the different consequences of these strategic parameters in low-, medium- and high-technology firms by considering technological intensity as a moderator. Our first finding is that the positive impact of technological aggressiveness is limited in low- and medium-technology companies. Secondly, technological diversification has a positive effect in high-technology firms and a negative effect in low-technology firms. Thirdly, patent portfolio size has a positive effect only in high-technology firms. Finally, patent portfolio quality has an equally positive influence on all firms’ performance. In part, these results conflict with the findings of previous research into high-technology companies, and they call for rethinking the role of technology strategies and intellectual property portfolios in firms across industries.     

供给侧结构性改革下制造业服务化与企业生产率的关系研究

   制造业服务化是世界制造业发展趋势。以供给侧结构性改革为背景,针对制造业服务化探讨了企业人均能源消耗、产业链升级、创新能力对企业生产率的共同影响机制。研究发现：制造业服务化与企业生产率正相关,但受到企业人均能源消耗的负向调节作用。同时,产业结构调整与企业创新能力强化了制造业服务化与企业生产率之间的正向关系。结论对供给侧结构性改革下的中国企业转型升级具有理论价值与实践启示。     

企业成长与创新视角下的产业链升级研究

产业链升级是中国企业摆脱跨国公司低端锁定的重要途径。以企业成长与企业创新理论为基础,讨论了企业在不同成长阶段入嵌产业链的程度。研究发现青春期企业创新投入越强入嵌程度越低,吸收能力越强入嵌程度越高。新创期入嵌产业链程度较低,而青春期较高。创新投入与入嵌程度之间关系受到新创期负向调节。同时,吸收能力与入嵌程度之间关系受到新创期的负向调节、青春期的正向调节。研究结论对中国企业产业链升级具有理论贡献与实践启示。     

Heterogeneous firms and cluster externalities: how asymmetric effects at the firm level affect cluster productivity

When firms are heterogeneous, externalities within clusters can affect firms asymmetrically. These asymmetries at the firm level lead to a productivity effect at the cluster level that has been overlooked thus far. We develop a heterogeneous firm model where firms with different productivity levels decide how much to invest in market survival. With this model, we find a differentiation between high-productivity firms investing in market survival and low-productivity firms not investing in market survival. Cluster externalities alter the optimal market survival investment of firms, which in turn affects both cluster composition and cluster-level outcomes. By focusing on cluster productivity and assuming that cluster externalities take the form of knowledge spillovers, we find that the effect on the cluster depends on the particular type of knowledge spillovers. Using modelling outcomes and an extensive numerical simulation, we show that knowledge spillovers that reduce the cost of investment benefit investing, high-productivity firms and increase cluster productivity. By contrast, knowledge spillovers that imply that non-investing, low-productivity firms can free ride on the efforts of investing firms tend to reduce cluster productivity. We discuss ramifications for research on clusters and cluster policy, highlighting the importance of industry and knowledge spillover characteristics.     

The geography of opportunity: spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms

One of the most commonly observed features of the organization of markets is that similar business enterprises cluster in physical space. In this paper, we develop an explanation for firm co-location in high-technology industries that draws upon a relational account of new venture creation. We argue that industries cluster because entrepreneurs find it difficult to leverage the social ties necessary to mobilize essential resources when they reside far from those resources. Therefore, opportunities for high tech entrepreneurship mirror the distribution of critical resources. The same factors that enable high tech entrepreneurship, however, do not necessary promote firm performance. In the empirical analyses, we investigate the effects of geographic proximity to established biotechnology firms, sources of biotechnology expertise (highly-skilled labor), and venture capitalists on the location-specific founding rates and performance of biotechnology firms. The paper finds that the local conditions that promote new venture creation differ from those that maximize the performance of recently established companies.     

Conveying quality and value in emerging industries: Star scientists and the role of signals in biotechnology

This paper addresses the role that scientific status plays in initial public offerings of technology focused firms. The paper builds on the literature of the sociology of science as well as the work of Spence (1974) and Podolny (1993) and argues that the presence of a Nobel laureate affiliated with a firm making an IPO provides a signal of firm quality to potential investors. Moreover, and building on the work of Podolny and Scott Morton (1999) and Stuart et al. (1999) we hypothesize that the importance of status diminishes as other measures of firm quality become available. We test our hypothesis for two periods of initial public offerings in biotechnology. We document that there is a clear difference in “maturity” of the firms across the two windows on a number of metrics. Consistent with our hypothesis that Nobel laureates play an important role as a non-financial signal of firm quality, we find that first-window firms with a Nobel laureate affiliate realize greater IPO proceeds in the amount of $24 million. In the second window the amount of money raised is not significantly different between Nobel and non-Nobel firms. This finding is consistent with the signaling literature that argues that the importance of a signal is inversely related to the availability of cogent information on firm quality. Consistent with this view, we also find a change between the two windows in the importance of other non-financial metrics used to convey value. Our research is one of the first to examine the dynamic nature of signals. Because we are unable to distinguish the extent to which the reduction in uncertainty at the firm level is correlated with the reduction of uncertainty at the industry level, the question remains as to the extent to which the diminished importance of signals in our second period is due to a change in market uncertainty versus a change in firm uncertainty.     

新能源汽车产业政府补助与市场融资的创新激励效应

本文选取2015-2018年新能源汽车产业110家上市公司面板数据,探索政府补助与市场融资及其协同配合对企业研发创新影响的差异性。结果显示,新能源汽车产业政府补助对企业研发创新具有显著激励效应,市场融资并未显著促进企业研发创新,政府补助与市场融资协同配合能有效促进新能源汽车产业研发创新。通过进一步研究发现,处于不同新能源汽车产业链阶段的企业,政府补助对中上游企业研发创新的激励效应更大,而市场融资对下游企业研发创新的激励效应更大,政府补助与市场融资协同配合对中上游企业研发创新的激励效应更大。同时,相对于国有企业,新能源汽车产业政府补助与市场融资及其两者协同配合对非国有企业研发创新的激励效应更大。本文在一定程度上丰富了创新激励与政府干预理论,并为政府扶持新能源汽车产业精准设计创新政策提供理论指导。