科研信息化基础设施的大数据挑战

首先探讨大数据科学（Big Data Science）给现代和未来科研数据基础设施（SDI）带来的挑战,并参考不 同科研团体的工作对数据管理、访问控制和安全要求进行定义,然后介绍科研数据生命周期管理（SDLM）模型,分析 所有的主要阶段,反映现代e-Science的数据管理特性,提出SDI 通用架构模型,为利用现代技术和最佳实践构建以互 用性数据或项目为中心的SDI 奠定了基础,最后对如何利用基于云的现代基础设施服务配置模型顺利实现文中提出的 SDLM和SDI 模型进行阐述,解决SDI 资源的联合访问控制问题,为科研团体提供了一种灵活的访问控制和身份管理模 型。     

英国科研资助机构的数据管理与共享政策调查及启示

从发布时间及内容两方面分析英国主要科研资助机构数据管理与共享政策:政策发布的时间主要集中在2005-2007年及2010-2011年两个阶段;政策中提及最多的内容是数据访问、数据保存、数据共享,亟需完善的内容包括数据管理计划时间表、数据管理政策执行情况的监督、数据标准、元数据标准、数据版权与隐私、机构库、数据中心。通过调研所得出结论对我国的启示:科研资助机构应继续完善数据管理政策,为数据管理提供资金支持,并明确各方职责;科研人员应熟悉数据管理政策制定的工具,制定数据及元数据标准;图书馆应辅助科研人员制定数据管理计划并开展数据保存工作。     

Comparing Digital Archaeological Repositories: tDAR Versus Open Context

In the last decade, two online archaeology data repositories, Digital Antiquity's The Digital Archeological Record (tDAR) and the Alexandria Archive Institute's (AAI) Open Context, have emerged in the United States as key players in the development of technology and Web platforms for preservation and public online access to archaeological research data. The need for these services has intensified since 2011, in the wake of U.S. federal open access mandates and funding agency data management plan requirements for grant applications. Through a comparison of selected features of tDAR and Open Context, this article highlights similarities and key differences in their designs, data management policies, and practices, and provides guidance to subject specialist librarians and others who advise archaeological researchers about how these differences can impact the suitability of each repository for specific data characteristics.     

Exploring Best Management Practices for Geospatial Data in Academic Libraries

Due to the exponential growth of spatial information, effective management and curation of geospatial data has become a central concern for GIS libraries. Although geospatial data are often generated based on a set of well-established standards and protocols, best management practices in geospatial data services are still limited. In this paper, the authors review the common challenges of geospatial data management and curation, which include the application of big data, the emergence of Web GIS, and the advancement of cyberinfrastructures. A spatial education project is used as an example to discuss potential best management practices to address these challenges. It is demonstrated that librarians need to be involved at the early stage of a research project and work closely with researchers at all stages of the data life cycle for effective data management. With early involvement of a GIS librarian in the full project development process, all three challenges can be addressed by using best management practices in organizing, managing, publishing, distributing, and preserving the geospatial data.     

When to say when: Using big data to support mobile communications

As a result of the current mobile phenomenon, many libraries have rushed to provide mobile-compatible services in order to remain relevant in today's quickly evolving information services market. Beginning in 2010, the Laverne and Dorothy Brown Library at the University of St. Francis (USF) launched a data tracking initiative via Google Analytics to determine the extent that mobile-specific library resources were being utilized by students for access to library materials and services. Data analysis has shown that weighing an emphasis toward future development of mobile library resources should be balanced against development costs under a pragmatic anticipation of the longevity and sustainability of any mobile resource.     

国外高校数据监管项目的调研与分析

对美国和英国的4个高校数据监管项目进行调研和比较分析,发现数据监管需要大学的数据管理政策和计划的支持,数据监管与图书馆机构库密不可分,数据监管项目需要与科研人员密切合作,需要平台的支持.因此,图书馆应积极参与数据监管,制定合理的数据监管计划,将机构库与数据监管结合起来建设,建立数据标准和规范,搭建数据监管平台,提升馆员的数据监管技能.     

科学数据管理体系的二维视角——《科学数据管理办法》解读

[目的/意义] 对《科学数据管理办法》进行解读，以期为更好地理解和贯彻《科学数据管理办法》，推动我国科学数据管理与共享实践提供参考。[方法/过程] 从数据生命周期和责任相关者二维视角对《科学数据管理办法》进行解读。[结果/结论] 《科学数据管理办法》形成了以数据生命周期为经、以责任相关者为纬的科学数据管理体系，二者相互结合，互为补充，共同构成我国科学数据"国家统筹、各部门与各地区分工负责"的管理体制。     

企业科研数据治理与管护主体:NSR的实践与剖析

[目的/意义] 数据管护是数字化时代企业信息资源管理的重要实践领域,不仅包含数据的归档与保存职能,更强调对数据的复用,结合具体业务情境探讨数据管护的角色定位,具有理论与实践双重意义。[方法/过程] 结合数据管护、数据治理相关理论和模型,运用个案研究方法描述NSR的科研数据管护过程,基于业务流程抽取数据点、分析数据管护相关角色定位及其关联关系。[结果/结论] 针对企业科研管理具体情境,数据治理利益相关者并非全部参与数据管护。科研数据管护过程中数据主管、数据管家、数据运维人等主体分别扮演不同角色,有必要参照数据管护需求对现有科研经理角色进一步细分。     

集成共享地理空间数据格网化编码研究

针对陆地表层地理空间数据的集成共享问题,提出从数据分类、数据编码到数据格网化编码的解决方案。 从我国国情出发,以中国国家地理格网为基础,分析其空间数据的组织与编码体系,并针对国家科技基础条件平台— 地球系统科学数据共享平台中的陆地表层数据,提出结合数据分类的数据属性编码,进而建立能够与国家地理格网相 衔接的地理空间数据格网化编码应用方案。以地理空间数据的点、面实体数据为例,证实了该编码的应用可行性。预 期该编码方案能够在科学数据资源管理、数据检索访问、数据资源集成、数据资源格网化处理、数据资源空间分析、     

政府开放数据生存状态:来自我国19个地方政府的调查报告

[目的/意义] 评估我国地方政府开放数据的生存状况,分析存在问题及总结相关经验,对于推动我国政府数据开放工作的进一步发展具有现实意义。[方法/过程]在建立政府开放数据生存状态评估表的基础上,通过网站观察和数据分析,对我国19个地方政府开放数据的生存状态进行调查评估。[结果/结论]结果表明,我国地方政府开放数据生存状态相当严峻,存在问题有大部分地方政府还没有厘清开放数据和开放信息的关系,相关法律法规缺失,数据管理各自为政,对数据缺乏有效盘活,数据价值有待挖掘等;提出建议包括制定数据开放法律法规,设立专门管理机构,建立统一服务平台,盘活数据存量、优化增量,推广数据利用、扩大数据影响力等。     

Gateway to Improving ERM System Deliverables: NISO ERM Data Standards and Best Practices Review

Seven years after the Digital Library Foundation's (DLF) pioneering 2004 Electronic Resources Management Initiative (ERMI) report, challenges with electronic resource management (ERM) system implementation, interoperability, management, and workflow issues remain. In 2009 the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) formed the ERM Data Standards and Best Practices Review Steering Committee to undertake a gap analysis of ERM-related data, standards, and best practices with current and future e-resources management needs in mind. In this session a member of the Steering Committee presented an overview of the project and focused on initial results of the review, including mappings from the DLF ERMI data dictionary to a range of other current standards and best practices. This presentation was based on the draft of an unpublished discussion paper authored by the members of the NISO ERM Data Standards and Best Practices Review Steering Committee.     

科学数据开放中数据中心政策分析与建议

[目的/意义] 在科学数据的开放共享体系中,数据中心是关键利益相关者。对科学数据中心发展的现状、基本政策进行分析,并提出相关建议。[方法/过程] 利用re3data.org注册机制,从多角度分析科学数据中心,包括收录数据的类型、数据的获取方式、数据获取的限制条件、使用许可、元数据标准、永久标识符、质量管理、数据中心的认证等内容。[结果/结论] 在分析科学数据中心现有政策的基础上,为进一步推进科学数据的开放共享提出相关建议,包括推进科学数据的开放性、合理配置管理成本、有效评估科学数据质量等内容。     

Life Cycle Management Considerations of Remotely Sensed Geospatial Data and Documentation for Long Term Preservation

As geospatial missions age, one of the challenges for the usability of data is the availability of relevant and updated metadata with sufficient documentation that can be used by future generations of users to gain knowledge from the original data. Given that remote sensing data undergo many intermediate processing steps, for example, an understanding of the exact algorithms employed and the quality of that data produced could be key considerations for these users. As interest in global climate data is increasing, documentation about older data, their origins, and their provenance are valuable to first-time users attempting to perform historical climate research or comparative analysis of global change. Incomplete or missing documentation could be what stands in the way of a new researcher attempting to use the data. Therefore, preservation of documentation and related metadata is sometimes just as critical as the preservation of the original observational data. The Goddard Earth Sciences–Data and Information Service Center (GES DISC), a NASA Earth science Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) that falls under the management structure of the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS), is actively pursuing the preservation of all necessary artifacts needed by future users.

In this article, we will detail the data custodial planning and the data lifecycle process developed for content preservation, and our implementation of a Preservation System to safeguard documents and associated artifacts from legacy (older) missions, as well as detail lessons learned regarding access rights and confidentiality of information issues. We also elaborate on key points that made our preservation effort successful; the primary points being drafting of a governing baseline for historical data preservation from satellite missions and using the historical baseline as a guide to content filtering of what documents to preserve. The Preservation System currently archives documentation content for High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) mission data, and the 1960s era Nimbus mission. Documentation from other missions like the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and the Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS) are also slated to be added to this repository, as well as other mission datasets to be preserved at the GES DISC.     

Data management maturity assessment of public sector agencies

To determine how critical data assets are conceptualized and managed in the public sector, we conducted a large-scale empirical study at 15 government agencies. We use the Data Management Maturity (DMM) reference model framework to conduct a systematic multi-level analysis (inter-agency, intra-agency, and cross-case analysis). To aid the comparative assessment of multiple independent agencies, we propose and test the DMM Index. The study not only examines the maturity of data management practices in government agencies, but also provides guidance on how an enterprise-wide, systematic assessment may be conducted. The approach presented in the paper can be replicated at other large government entities and private conglomerates. Public and private sector agencies may apply the approach to develop custom roadmaps for data management improvements that align with the organization's business goals.     

开放数据在英、美政府中的应用及启示

开放数据是一种理念与实践,按照用户特定的需求和相应的互联网协议、规则、框架对Web数据进行开发、加工、存储、组织等管理活动,以实现局域和全部Web空间的数据开放、互通、共享,受到了政府、企业和一些行业如图书馆的重视与应用。英、美政府对开放数据的应用实践走在了世界的前列,其与W3C相关协议保持数据相同、数据保持完整性与统一性、建立政府信息开放门户网站平台等做法均值得我国政府和一些开放数据应用行业的借鉴。     

数据交易法律规制基本原则的构建:反思与进路

数据成为新型生产要素,如何实现数据要素的优化配置是数据经济发展的关键环节。数据交易是数据要素流动的重要通路,2020年《数据安全法(草案)》首次在法律层面提出要建立健全数据交易管理制度,规范数据交易行为,培育数据交易市场。在此背景下,应以利益均衡为基点对传统基本原则进行反思和再阐释,搭建数据权益保护和数据产业激励双层维度的基本规制原则。前者以知情同意原则、责任和安全保护原则为双足;后者以区分规制原则、合理使用原则为两翼,由此形成"保护-激励"双层维度的平衡性制度安排。     

我国政府数据开放共享政策体系构建

[目的/意义] 政府数据开放共享已纳入国家大数据战略。本文旨在针对国家大数据战略,提出我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系。[方法/过程] 采用循证政策研究方法,构建我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系。[结果/结论] 我国政府数据开放共享的政策体系分为基础设施层、数据管理层和政府治理层三个层次。基础设施层包括数据及其元数据政策、IT技术政策（包括社交媒体政策）、数据中心政策、数据平台标准指南、具备互操作性的系统政策、数据存储仓库规范等;数据管理层有数据创建与汇集政策、数据处理政策、数据归档与保存政策、数据开放和共享政策、数据获取与利用政策;政府治理层由数据安全政策、数据权益政策、公众参与政策、数据能力政策、组织支持政策、资金投入政策等构成。该体系为政府数据开放共享提供了政策框架,为后续政策的深入研究提供了方向。