青奥会教育理念研究

国际奥委会与时俱进,开创了青奥会,它的办赛新理念是"实现竞技、文化和教育三者之间的平衡",为奥林匹克运动增添了新的生命力。青奥会教育理念的提出是奥林匹克运动教育思想创新的表现,它体现了奥林匹克运动的核心价值观,通过对青奥会教育理念的研究旨在让人们更加全面了解青奥会教育理念提出的历史背景及其潜在价值,为青年人更好地接受奥林匹克教育提供帮助。     

The Development of the Olympic Narrative in Chinese Elite Sport Discourse from Its First Successful Olympic Bid to the Post-Beijing Games Era

Abstract

As a phenomenon exogenous to China, the Olympics have been proactively interpreted in the local context since China’s entry (and subsequent re-entry in 1984) into the Olympic movement. With China’s increasing involvement in promoting three bids to host the Olympic Games, two of which were successful, respectively, in 2001 and 2015, the nature of the discourse of key stakeholders in relation to Chinese elite sport has both reflected and reshaped the meaning of the Games to Chinese elite sport. This paper examines the discursive construction process of the Olympics in the Chinese elite sport system by key stakeholders through analyzing statements of political figures on sport and Olympic phenomena, Chinese elite sport policy documents, and the commentaries of leading Chinese sport academics. The analysis of discourse highlights two main features in the construction of the Games in official accounts during the period under investigation. The development of these two themes reflects the nature of the Chinese Olympic discourse, manifests the political power over the interpretation of the Olympics in Chinese context, and continues to characterize the on-going major themes in Chinese elite sport policy.     

Independent Olympic Athletes and the Legitimacy of the International Olympic Committee in Resolving International Conflicts

Abstract

Over the last three centuries (nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first) humanity has been facing huge political and ideological conflicts, especially wars. For these reasons, it was seen how necessary it was to create global institutions that aimed to promote peace and reduce or stop conflicts of this magnitude. Therefore, an international institution had already brought on its premises the principles of international peace and reconciliation through sport: the International Olympic Committee (IOC). However, despite bringing together nations around peaceful ties in an international competition, the IOC and the Olympic Games event have always been affected by constant conflicts along their path in the twentieth century, emphasizing issues involving nationalities. Thereby, in a mediator posture of international conflicts and in an effort to reduce the subversions that surrounded it, the IOC, in the 1990s, created the delegation of Independent Olympic Athletes. Such a delegation consists of athletes who cannot represent their respective nationalities at the Olympics due to political factors and/or armament conflicts. This proposal of the IOC demonstrates its posture to avoid, minimize, and even cease ideological and political events that might interfere with the Olympics Games or the athletes participating in them.     

Perception of the Culture and Education Programme of the Youth Olympic Games by the Participating Athletes: A Case Study for Innsbruck 2012

The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) were introduced and officially inaugurated in Singapore in 2010, constituting the first new Olympic event to be staged since the 1924 Winter Olympic Games. The structure of the YOG is based on the model of the European Youth Olympic Festival, which was introduced three decades ago. Being a new international sports event targeting young athletes, a major innovation of the YOG is its unique Culture and Education Programme (CEP). To date, very little literature deals with the CEP and its influence on the athletes' overall experience. Thus, the objective of this study was to give a deeper insight into the athletes' perception of the CEP. A survey of 662 participating athletes as well as 6 focus groups with 43 athletes was conducted during the first 2012 Winter Youth Olympic Games in Innsbruck, Austria. The results of the focus groups corroborated the results of the survey: young athletes participating in the CEP liked it very much; nevertheless, the tight training and competition schedule represented an issue for many athletes. The findings of this study underline the necessity to plan the CEP more carefully and to raise interest in the CEP among coaches and Chefs de Mission.     

A Theoretical Approach for the Olympic Legacy Study Focusing on Sustainable Sport Legacy

The management of the Olympic Games has changed significantly since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. The introduction of commercialisation probably saved the Olympic Games from a fateful crisis. It brought financial stability and attracted cities to bid for the Games. On the other hand, the impact of hosting the Olympic Games increased as more stakeholders became involved in its management. In addition, the global community became concerned about environmental issues. Global organisations including the International Olympic Committee (IOC) were required to take actions towards sustainable development. In this context, the debate regarding the Olympic legacy became of interest among stakeholders and researchers. The IOC introduced indicators to measure impact and legacy, which is now referred to as Olympic Games Impact (OGI). However, there are some issues in the current OGI study. This paper aims to suggest a theoretical approach which would contribute to solve the issues by focusing on sustainable sport legacy as an example. The proposed theoretical approach is focusing on event objective and analysing the relationship between sport policy and sport legacy development concentrated on the process and opportunity rather than the outcome.     

The Youth Olympic Games: Past,Present and Future

Hailed as the flagship of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) strategy regarding young people, the organising of the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) was approved by the IOC in 2007 and Singapore was subsequently selected as the first host city for the summer YOG. Although the YOG is going to be the first new event the IOC has staged since the 1924 winter Olympic Games, its novelty may not be as radical as first impressions may suggest. This paper charts the chronological development of the YOG through a broad overview of little-known Youth Olympic Festivals, which the YOG is reported to be modelled after, and traces the political/economical/ideological contexts for the conception of the YOG. Despite being the latest addition to the Olympics family, the YOG is not spared from conflicts and tensions which inundated the Olympic Games. This paper aims to exemplify the range of debates presented by the launch of the YOG and contribute to the literature examining the opportunities and challenges presented by the launch of the YOG.     

现代奥林匹克运动治理体系的演变

进入21世纪以来,随着奥运会利益相关者的不断介入,奥林匹克管理体系发生了天翻地覆的变化。现代奥林匹克运动已经完成了从奥林匹克管理到奥林匹克治理的转型,尤其是在《奥林匹克2020议程》颁布实施之后,逐渐形成了以奥林匹克核心利益相关者为主体的治理架构,奥林匹克运动的5个核心利益相关者包括国际奥委会、奥运会组委会、国家奥委会、国际单项体育联合会、国家体育联盟。奥林匹克治理体系不再是每位利益相关者管理自己事务的问题,而是对各方构成的网络化的全球性治理系统,同时要考虑到它们之间的相互关系。奥林匹克运动和治理体系之间的联系是以人为中心,诸如奥运会选手、运动员、球迷等群体,而奥林匹克治理体系围绕的是各级各类体育社会组织。在顾拜旦看来,奥林匹克主义不可能是个系统,而是一种精神境界。不论我们喜欢与否,奥林匹克的治理前景必须依赖复杂且系统化的网络治理实践。奥林匹克运动的主要目标必须建立在尊重人权之上,只有实现奥林匹克治理的可持续性发展才能实现这一目标。     

论奥林匹克文化

奥林匹克运动是以教育为核心、体育为载体的国际化现象。因此，从化的视角来审视奥林匹克运动十分必要。奥林匹克化是以西方化为主导的多元化；奥林匹克化是以教育为核心、体育为载体的化；奥林匹克化是具有远大理想和催人向上的先进化。     

Assessing volunteer satisfaction at the London Olympic Games and its impact on future volunteer behaviour

Abstract

In recent years, volunteering has received strong research attention from both scholars and practitioners. For the most part, involvement in volunteer activities has been identified as an important determinant of future volunteering. Through revalidating an existing instrument, the purpose of this study was to assess the dimensions of volunteer satisfaction at the 2012 London Olympic Games and its impact on future volunteer behaviour. The findings of this study shed light on the identification of volunteer satisfaction factors in the mega sporting event setting, particularly for a unique type of volunteer (i.e. media worker) assigned to a special set of tasks. Unlike Galindo-Kuhn and Guzley’s results that revealed participation efficacy and group integration to be strong predictors of volunteer satisfaction, organizational support was the primary predictor for media centre volunteers’ re-participation intention towards future volunteering programmes.     

青年奥林匹克运动会路标牌建设研究

运用文献资料调研等研究方法,对如何将青奥会打造成举世瞩目的奥林匹克运动盛会进行深入研究。在对青奥会总体认识和新加坡青奥会经验分析的基础上,对奥林匹克运动盛会中的3个核心环节进行分析,并提出了青奥盛会探索道路中4个路标牌建设的构想。主要表现为:导引牌——抓重点、多渠道的开展宣传工作;操作牌——激发各方的参与热情;实践牌——积极做好互动交流活动;鉴证牌——实事求是地把握得与失。     

中国奥运会冠军的选材和跨项选材研究

为了揭示中国奥运会冠军选材和跨项选材的成功经验,采用文献资料法、面谈和问卷调查法、数理统计法等,对我国251位奥运会冠军的选材特征进行了研究,获得以下结论:奥运会冠军的选材年龄渐趋低龄化,中国17.5%的夏季奥运会冠军是跨项选材的结果;竞技能力相近,制胜因素类似,动作结构相似的项目才有可能实现跨项选材;跳水项目45.5%的奥运会冠军初选练习项目为体操;篮球与排球,摔跤与柔道,田径投掷项目与要求突出力量水平的柔道等项目也存在跨项选材;夏奥会和冬奥会项目之间目前还没有出现跨项选材培养的奥运会冠军,冬奥会项目冠军之间也没有出现跨项选材;跨项选材的前提是在初选项目有较好的符合专项需要的体能和技术基础;跨项选材运动员终选项目年龄略大,但未错过终选项目竞技能力发展的敏感期;跨项选材是培养优秀运动员的路径之一。     

2014年青奥会对南京城市品牌营销提升研究

采用文献资料法、访谈法等,结合2014年南京青奥会对南京城市品牌营销问题进行探讨。结果表明:南京青奥会有利于提高南京城市国际影响力,增进国际化文化交流,提升南京城市文明,有利于拉动消费,促进南京城市经济发展;有利于南京城市现代化服务水平的提升,提高南京城市的美誉度;有利于提升南京城市在国内外的知名度,增强其城市间的竞争力。     

2020东京奥运会项目变动的特征、影响与启示——兼谈奥运会项目设置的演变趋势

奥运会是世界体育发展的风向标和展示窗口。进入21世纪,奥运会举办成本不断攀升,让许多申办国望而却步,同时,还有许多新项目期盼能够跻身于规模庞大的奥林匹克舞台。研究采用文献资料等方法对夏季奥运会项目设置的演变历程和2020东京奥运会项目设置的变动特征进行梳理,探讨2020东京奥运会项目变化对我国奥运战略的影响。研究认为,2020东京奥运会项目变动具有如下特征:项目设置规模空前、注重吸纳新潮运动项目、重视利益相关者;对我国奥运战略的直接影响是既增设了一些有利于我国运动员夺牌的优势项目,也增设了一些竞争对手的优势项目。间接影响,是有助于重塑国家体育形象,传统体育项目受到削弱但新兴体育项目拓展迎来机遇。基于此,研究从政策设计、人才选用、保障措施等角度提出建议。     

Physical requirements in Olympic sailing

Abstract

Physical fitness and muscular strength are important performance parameters in Olympic sailing although their relative importance changes between classes. The Olympic format consists of eight yacht types combined into 10 so-called events with total 15 sailors (male and female) in a complete national Olympic delegation. The yachts have different requirements with respect to handling, and moreover, each sailor plays a specific role when sailing. Therefore physical demands remain heterogeneous for Olympic sailors. Previous studies have mainly examined sailors where ‘hiking’ (the task of leaning over the side of the yacht to increase righting moment) is the primary requirement. Other than the ability to sustain prolonged quasi-isometric contractions, hiking seems to require significant maximal muscle strength especially in knee extensors, hip flexors and abdominal and lower back muscles. Another group of studies has investigated boardsailing and provided evidence to show that windsurfing requires very high aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Although data exist on other types of sailors, the information is limited, and moreover the profile of the Olympic events has changed markedly over the last few years to involve more agile, fast and spectacular yachts. The change of events in Olympic sailing has likely added to physical requirements; however, data on sailors in the modern-type yachts are scarce. The present paper describes the recent developments in Olympic sailing with respect to yacht types, and reviews the existing knowledge on physical requirements in modern Olympic sailing. Finally, recommendations for future research in sailing are given.     

南京青奥会武术文化传播的可行性分析

根据奥林匹克文化和中华武术文化的两个文化系统的背景下,通过对武术文化理念及青奥会文化理念分析,武术在青奥会中传播的可行性进行了阐述,为推动武术在国际性运动会中的传播提供可能。     

北京奥运会与上海

2008年北京奥运会将是一次具有全国影响的大事件。针对上海的社会形态现状,分析了北京奥运会将对上海产生的影响,以及上海可能对北京奥运会所做的支持,由此揭示北京奥运会的举办与上海社会的互动关系。     

奥运传播中的机遇与风险分析

奥运传播的成功是奥运会真正的成功。主办国利用奥运会相对集中的全球注意力资源实施全球形象战略,传播本国文化。但在这一过程中,也存在着高风险,因为国际媒介用各自的方式建构主办国形象。为了规避风险,主办国应了解国际媒介的报道程式,提高国际媒介对主办国文化的认知,以及奥运期间为国际媒体的记者提供“美好体验”等。     

冬奥外交:新中国体育外交的赓续与发展

北京冬奥会成为中国围绕冬奥平台展开外交、团结应对国际社会共同挑战、践行真正的多边主义、共同建设和谐合作国际大家庭的闪光点。“冬奥外交”是新中国体育外交的赓续与发展。新中国体育外交生动反映了在新中国赢得生存、谋求发展和走向强大的连续过程中体育外交在维护国家主权、展示国家形象、构建命运共同体中的卓越贡献。始终坚持党中央的集中统一领导,始终坚持国际国内一盘棋,始终坚持服务于国家关系的建立,始终坚持维护国家核心利益和参与国际体育治理,新中国体育外交促进中国外交实现了服务发展的使命。新时代中国体育外交将践行人类共同价值、推动构建人类命运共同体,完善体制机制、建立现代体育外交制度,推进“一带一路”建设、提供全球体育公共产品,影响国际体育规范、主动推进全球体育治理,创新体育外交体系、探索建设体育外交学新学科。     

Prospective tourists’ risk perceptions and intentions to travel to a mega-sporting event host country with apparent risk

ABSTRACT

While the global appeal of the Olympic Games has attracted a massive amount of attention, this increased focus has resulted in heightened risk occurring around the event. Prospective tourists’ growing anxiety related to terrorism and political instability regarding a travel destination could have serious implications on tourism. This article aims to examine the relationship between tourists’ risk perceptions and their intention to travel to an Olympic host country with apparent risks of terrorism and political instability during and around the event period using the case of the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games. Terrorism risk was found to have a negative impact on travel intention while political instability did not. The results suggest that potential terrorism risk is a vulnerable point for the host country, and host organisations’ collaborative risk management strategies for minimising potential threats and generating a safe destination image are necessary to attract a higher number of visitors around and during the Olympics. This study contributes to the sport and event tourism literatures by focusing on a specific case. As a result, the findings enable the authors to highlight the impact of terrorism and political instability on travel intentions of prospective tourists to a host country with apparent risks. More specifically, this research discusses the reason(s) for the impact of terrorism and political instability risks on the travel intentions, and calls upon the efforts of future Olympics and mega-sporting event host countries to mitigate the loss of international visitors and to boost global tourism during and after the event.     

南京青奥会筹办思路建言

青奥会作为新生事物,是对现行奥运会模式的发展和补充,也预示着世界性体育战略的变革和延异。对此中国体育应该借鉴古希腊奥林匹克的体育精神。正视2000多年来,体育运动发生的职业化、政治化、工具化、功利化、经济化、外在化、技术化、非自然化、非肉体化、去魅化、非民众性和举国体制化等现象的变化和异化。在正视健康、美丽、友爱和创新四大主题的基础上,中国体育应向青少年学生、白领阶级和平民百姓转移;祛除体育运动中的功利化、实用化、政治化和狭隘民族主义,转向对身体的训练、锻炼、培育和养护;对体育运动的观赏、愉悦、审美和普及;倡扬体育运动的市场化,个体化和自由化;去除异化,解放身体,塑造和建构自我。