颜元课程改革思想探析

颜元是清初知名实学家，是教育改革的先行。为培养实学人才，他以实用为宗旨，对教育内容进行了彻底改革。这项改革，开中国新教育之先河，具有划时代意义，对于我们当今的课程改革，乃至于对整个素质教育的推进，都具有重要的借鉴价值。     

建设学习型社会与基础教育创新

学习型社会是全面建设小康社会的重要标志。建设学习型社会对学习者和学校教育特别是基础教育提出了新的更高的要求。培养具有高度的学习自觉性和学习能力的新一代学习者 ,是建成学习型社会最重要最关键的因素。在建设学习型社会的进程中 ,学校教育特别是基础教育不仅应该加强 ,而且从教育观念到教育内容、教育模式和方法、教学制度等等 ,都需要经历一场深刻的变革。     

学习型社会与教育职能的转变

建设学习型社会对学习者和学校教育特别是基础教育提出了新的要求。培养具有高度学习自觉性和学习能力的新一代学习者,是建设学习型社会最重要最关键的因素。在建设学习型社会的进程中,教育机构要率先向学习型组织转变,从教育观念到教育内容、教育方式方法和教学制度都要进行深刻的变革。     

Factors influencing the pursuit of personal learning goals in MOOCs

MOOCs are promising opportunities for lifelong learning, but as promising as these learning opportunities seem, many learners do not succeed in pursuing their personal learning goals. Barriers to learning are the main reason for not finishing the intended (parts of the) MOOCs. This study addressed the question whether the factors age, gender, educational level, and online learning experience affect barriers faced while learning in MOOCs. The results show that it is challenging to combine work and family life with lifelong (online) learning activities, especially for learners in their early adulthood and mid-life. However, more experience with online learning positively affects individuals’ ability to cope with these challenges. Also, learners with a lower educational level may experience a lack of knowledge or difficulties with the course content. These findings may serve as input to inform potentially vulnerable learners about these issues and support them in successfully achieving their personal learning goals.     

‘In and against the museum’: the contested spaces of museum education for adults

This paper focuses on museum and gallery education for adults in Dundee, Scotland. Dundee has recently experienced a shift from being mainly working class to an educational, cultural and tourist centre. Hence, an interesting field for the examination of the educational policies and practices of the city museums/galleries and the different fashions they receive and act upon wider developments in the museum world has emerged. Questions arising are how the new, open and accessible museum (and gallery) has changed the way education is constructed and offered in the museums in the city? What is the relationship of education with marketing and the new discourse of social inclusion and participation in museums and galleries? For example, one of the most pertinent findings was that, at least in Dundee, activity-based and individual learning has been over-valued, at the expense of a more social and dialogic educational experience that participants seemed to largely prefer and indeed propose as more meaningful to them. Although new ideas and participatory practices have improved attendance and the engagement of the local adult population, other issues, such as the new economic reality for museums and the close relationship of education with marketing are policies that were often treated with resistance, if not opposition, by the research participants.     

论现代远程教育的科学学习观

现代远程教育是与全日制普通教育相对而产生的一种新型教育形式，教育观念、学习环境、师生角色的变化以及由此引起的教学手段、学习方法、学习管理的变化，彰显现代远程教育的个性特征并构建了现代远程教育自身及自身所蕴含的学习理念、平等精神和智慧张力，提出了远程教育学习在远程环境下学习的新要求。总结现代远程教育的发展规律、学习规律，指导学习开展科学的学习，适应和驾驶远程条件下的学习，不但是远程教育发展和学习所需要的，同时也是十分实际和紧迫的。     

Making learning support contextually responsive

Abstract

Research indicates that the success of inclusive education lies within the provision of adequate support for learners who experience barriers to learning in mainstream schools as well as in the changing roles of teachers and support services staff. The Western Cape Education Department (WCED) implemented a learning support model, designed to systemically deal with barriers to learning in some primary schools in the province. An evaluation of the WCED model established that this learning support model is not completely contextually responsive to the South African context with specific reference to resources, both human and physical. Although the WCED endeavours to distribute resources more even-handedly across schools in the Western Cape Province, there is still a general lack of resources and institutional capacity which hampers the successful implementation of inclusive education. This situation creates specific barriers that are responsible for the gap between current educational policies and the implementation thereof in schools.     

The role of artistic experiences in the comprehensive inductive educational approach

Postmodern pedagogy is constantly confronted with Lyotard’s condemnation of grand narratives found in the philosophy of modernity, on the basis of which basic patterns of moral education were developed. In searching for new answers to the question of how education can prepare individuals for life in an age of late modernity, this paper presents the idea of approaching identity and moral development through the inductive educational approach and highlights the importance of education through the arts in the latter, especially in view of the theoretical notion of aesthetics as ethics of postmodernity. In an age in which artistic creativity is deemed less important than acquiring competences aimed at technological development, it is crucial to provide a clear answer as to why and how different art practices may exert an influence on the full development of a child’s personality. In order to demonstrate the meaning of artistic experience in general education, one must seek arguments supporting the intrinsic value of the artistic experience. This paper stresses the meaning of artistic experience as a means of communication providing both the artist and the art recipient with the opportunity for personal fulfilment. In this context, Aristotle’s concept of mimesis and its role in education through the arts is emphasised as part of the comprehensive inductive educational approach. The argument is illustrated with some qualitative data from the implementation of a project in Kindergarten Vodmat, Ljubljana, Slovenia, using the inductive educational approach and art as a tool for cultural enrichment of pre-school children.     

Half a century of Islamic education in Dutch schools

During the second half of the twentieth century, faithful followers of non-Western religions immigrated into Western European countries. Their children were a challenge for the respective educational system in the host countries. In the Dutch context, the educational system consists of public and private schools in which religion is the most dividing factor. Private schools are largely denominational schools with, as main denominations, Roman Catholics and Protestants, while state schools are presented as religiously neutral. How did this dual system cope with the import of a relatively new religion like Islam? In our contribution, we describe half a century’s history of Islamic children in Dutch schools by addressing the following questions. In what way did state and denominational schools on the one hand and the government on the other hand try to include Islamic pupils (and their parents) and facilitate their integration into the Dutch educational system and by consequence into Dutch society? And, the other way around, how did these new comers adapt themselves to the Dutch educational system, and did they stimulate, directly or indirectly, reflection on religion and values? We come to the conclusion that the most influential initiatives came from both Christian and Islamic schools as a consequence of their focus on the importance of the formation of pupil identity and life orientation and that teachers’ knowledge about and attitude regarding (religious) diversity are pivotal in processes of learning about and from each other as a precondition for integration into a society characterised by diversity.     

论学生自主减负

"减负提质"是我国教育改革的重要任务。当前存在过于依赖外在减负而导致减负实效不高的现实。自主减负是指学生通过优化学习过程与方法而对学业负担进行自我调节,进而创造"量力负担"并实现学习质量提升的一种减负方式。自主减负的理论分析与实践探索表明其在实现"减负提质"过程中的可行性与有效性。     

TOWARDS AN EDUCATIONALLY MEANINGFUL CURRICULUM: EPISTEMIC HOLISM AND KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION REVISITED

ABSTRACT:  Despite the 'progressive' influence of the English Plowden Report and Scottish Primary Memorandum on British primary curricula from the 1960s onwards, secondary education has generally continued to follow a more traditional subject-centred route and post-war educational theorists have not generally been favourably inclined to other than subject-based modes of curriculum planning and organisation. However, in the light of current curriculum reviews on both sides of the Scottish border – calling for more educationally meaningful curricula – the perennial issue of how school knowledge might best be ordered for the coherent educational experience of pupils seems worth revisiting. To this end, this paper examines some of the influential post-war philosophical arguments against integrated and interdisciplinary approaches to the curricular organisation of knowledge, concluding that they are not as compelling as they might formerly have seemed.     

On Collaboration: teachers,self‐assessment and professional journals

... educational reformers have responded to the crises in public education by primarily offering solutions that either ignore the roles of teachers in preparing learners to be active and critical citizens, or they suggest reforms that ignore the intelligence, judgement and experience that teachers might bring to bear. (Aronowitz & Giroux, 1985, p. 23)     

Meaningful learning in the cooperative classroom

Meaningful learning is based on more than what teachers transmit; it promotes the construction of knowledge out of learners' experience, feelings and exchanges with other learners. This educational view is based on the constructivist approach to learning and the co-operative learning approach. Researchers and practitioners in various countries and settings seek ways to incorporate these approaches to create meaningful learning in the multicultural classroom and in the co-operative learning classroom. This article presents some of the ideas, studies and methods that signal a major shift of emphasis in education from product to process.     

爱因斯坦教育思想及其对我国高校教学改革的启示

在爱因斯坦看来,教育的目的是为社会培养有责任心的有个性的公民,而不是为统治阶级培养听话的机器。因此他强调教育工作者要为学生树立良好的榜样,尊重学生的人格,为他们创设良好的教育环境,给他们更多的学习自由,引导他们通过活动和交往主动地探究学习,不断提高他们的认识能力,帮助他们形成独立思考、勇于创造、不断追求新知识的良好习惯。爱因斯坦关于教育教学的论述,注重发挥学生的主体作用,强调让学生在活动和交往中学习,重视培养学生的认识能力、创新意识和探究习惯,重视培养教育学生的社会公德,极大地丰富和发展了当代教学理论,对我国高等院校的教学改革具有重大的现实意义。     

Competitive opportunity and liberal culture: the significance of Scottish education in the twentieth century

Three of the great social ambitions of educational reform since the late nineteenth century are now seriously problematical. Although education does offer individuals a way of bettering themselves, we now know that it does little to change the terms of the competition among people who start from different social classes: it probably does not, by itself, affect relative social mobility. Education in advanced economies has little effect on overall rates of growth: it is now clear that the analogy between individual and economic development is untenable. And the main other option to these instrumental goals—that education should pass on the best that has been thought and said—is now deeply unfashionable with policy‐makers, radical activists and most shades of academic opinion. Scotland is a telling case of these shifts. In the past century, it has held quite firmly to all three older views, and has tried quite thoroughly to implement educational reforms in pursuit of them. Its experience is as good a demonstration as any that the first two ambitions—of social mobility and of economic development—cannot be realised by educational change alone. The country is also moving deliberately away from the third ambition, its old humanism of knowledge. The implications of this experience and these developments are discussed.     

Market-Driven Education Reform and the Racial Politics of Advocacy

What is the landscape of the racial politics of public education in the age of Obama? To what factors can we attribute the seeming educational policy consensus from Washington, DC, to the states and from philanthropies and policy entrepreneurs in urban school districts? How should we understand opposition to the policy menu? This article examines commonsense understandings in education reform, which are supported by assertions that market-based schooling options are superior for children of color, and argues that a primary reason for the popularity of such reforms is an underexamined advocacy coalition, formed nominally around school choice, while also encompassing several other entrepreneurial educational reforms. The article describes the structure of this network, arguing that its dominance has precluded an understanding of counter advocacy against school choice and related reforms. It then describes several past and current movements that challenge commonsense understandings of the reforms’ currency, as a way of pushing back against the reforms’ expansion. The article also discusses the activities of grassroots community groups in response to market-based reforms and argues that these efforts can help to expand public deliberation on complex matters of educational policy. The article concludes with recommendations for further examination of these efforts to highlight the concerns, strategies, and solutions to educational inequality being articulated within communities of color and with their allies.     

日本放送大学学习支持服务现状及启示

日本放送大学通过多样化的教学形式、多渠道的社会经济支持、良好的人文关怀服务和信息技术支持等手段,持续为日本国民提供安全稳定、自由开放的教育机会.作为一所承担日本国民职业教育、继续教育、终身教育重任的开放大学,坚持利用电视、收音机、网络等远程多媒体为学习者提供接受大学教育的渠道,在一定程度上促进了教育公平,解决了教育资源分布不均等问题.日本放送大学从学习者需求出发,深化课程改革,组建教师队伍中的专家团队,为学习者提供高效的信息技术服务,这对我国远程教育的改革发展具有一定的借鉴意义:应为学习者提供多样化的学习支持服务,建立资源共享理念,不断完善国家立法和规范办学管理流程,才能建立完善的终身教育体系.     

Bilingual and special educational needs in inclusive classrooms: some critical and pedagogical considerations

In the light of educational reforms aimed at promoting greater inclusive policies and practices, it is important to put a more pronounced emphasis on the needs of English language learners (ELLs) with special educational needs and/or disabilities. Simultaneously, a focus should also be placed on understanding and dealing with the disproportional representation of English language learners in special education categories. This dual and arguably sometimes mutually reinforcing phenomenon, along with its potential implications for education policy and practice, needs to be discussed against a convergent analytical framework drawn from bilingual and special education. The cross‐fertilisation of these disciplinary fields can provide a multimodal and comprehensive approach to meeting the intersectional needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students with special educational needs. To this end, it is important that issues of culture and language should become indispensable aspects of the special education knowledge base in inclusive classrooms.     

Someone else's game: constructing the English teaching professional in New Zealand

In the last 15 years, New Zealand has experienced a range of educational “reforms” driven by a neo-liberal agenda which has insisted that the education system serve the goal of enhancing the nation's economic performance and its competitive edge through the inculcation in learners of the skills requisite to the pursuit of this goal. Fuelled by a perception that the education system needed quality management and greater accountability to its clientele, a series of administrative reforms were put in place in the late 1980s and were followed by a series of radical, state-dictated curriculum and assessment reforms. The subsequent reshaping of curriculum and assessment has had a profound impact on the nature of teachers’ work and their identity as professionals. Using research undertaken in New Zealand in the later 1990s, this article examines ways in which 1990s reforms in New Zealand have worked to reconstruct the professional knowledge (including pedagogical knowledge) of secondary English teachers. It further examines the implications of these changes in teachers’ work for professional identity and discusses some of the implications of these “reforms” for pre-service teacher education.     

现代远程教育是实现教育形式跨越式发展的有效途径

现代远程教育已经成为许多国家普遍采用的教育形式,是构建全民学习、终身学习体系的一种重要手段。目前我国的党员干部远程教育主要依托中国教育卫星宽带传输网、辅以中央党校卫星远程教育网,搭建一个集卫星远程教学网、有线电视网、互联网的“天地网合一”的教学平台,最大限度地实现教育资源共享,是大规模开展教育培训的重要手段,为大幅度提高学习者的综合素质提供条件。现代远程教育将成为学历教育的重要组成部分和培养各类人才的重要形式,是实现教育形式跨越式发展的有效途径。