Distance education for managers: an international perspective

The last few years have seen an enormous expansion, in different countries, of distance education for managers. Paul Northcott, of Deakin University, Australia, has first‐hand experience of several of these developments and charts their key features.     

营销理论视角下的高等学校管理

营销的实质是对需求的管理,营销理论视角下的高等学校管理要求在做总体规划之前,要对高等教育需求有较全面的了解与分析,在此基础上对高等教育市场进行细分,再以营销观念为导向规划总体发展战略,实施内部管理改革,开创品牌建设。战略的具体实施则可根据营销的4P制定相应的组合策略。     

Issues and trends in teacher education in international perspective

Abstract

Many education systems worldwide have undergone major reforms over the last two decades or more. Educational reform cannot take place without major consequences for teacher education. This article focuses on the way teacher education has responded to education reform in two countries, namely the United States of America and England. In the former, the reform efforts were widespread but each endeavour was guided by different priorities. In particular, the trend towards Professional Development Schools has been viewed as encouraging but ultimately their success must be measured by longitudinal research over a period of time. In England the reform movement can be described as a shift towards school-based training of teachers with schools as the lead partners in educating novice teachers. The experience of these countries has particular relevance for the South African education system. It shows that what is needed is a revitalisation of research on teacher education. Successful teacher education institutions and programmes share distinct features, inter alia, a clear shared vision of good teaching, well-defined standards of practice and performance, intensively supervised practical experiences, and strong relationships between training institutions and reformminded local schools.     

从国际经验看研究型大学本科教学改革的基本原则

以2001年博伊委员会对美国研究型大学落实其1998年报告建议的跟踪调查结果为主要依据,反思欧美发达国家改革的经验和教训,研究型大学本科教学改革应当遵循以发展知识为根本的科研与教学同生共进原则,以集体智慧为特征的新型学术自由原则,以因材施教为基础的新式精英教育原则。本科生研究和研究性教学则是实现这些原则的“阿基米德支点”。     

Job satisfaction among academic staff: An international perspective

This study examined aspects of academics'satisfaction with theirjob across the eight nations (Australia, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Mexico,Sweden, UK, USA). Interesting patterns emerged across countries reflectingdifferences in the international academic climate. The study also exploredpatterns of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction more closely for theAustralian data, and examined the impact of context elements, includingworking climate and atmosphere, on general levels of job satisfaction.Results indicated that factors related to the environment in which academicswork, including university atmosphere, morale, sense of community, andrelationships with colleagues, are the greatest predictors of jobsatisfaction. Implications for university management and governing bodiesare discussed.     

Comparative physical education: An international scientific approach

The article describes the growth of research on various topics and ideas in a relatively new field — comparative physical education and sport — since the end of World War II. The field is closely related to comparative education. This is also true as regards its history, definition, aims, etc., and its methodology. Physical educators on the one hand have therefore borrowed methods from comparative educators, and on the other hand have tried to work out their own approaches. Examples of the latter are mentioned. A brief review of the literature is included.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Artikel beschreibt die seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges zunehmende Forschung im Hinblick auf verschiedene Themen und Vorstellungen auf einem relativ neuen Gebiet, der vergleichenden Leibes- und Sporterziehung. Das Gebiet ist mit der vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft eng verknüpft. Das gilt ebenso für seine Geschichte, Definition, Ziele usw. und für seine Methodik. Sporterzieher haben sich daher einerseits Methoden vergleichender Erziehungswissenschaftler bedient, andererseits haben sie versucht, eigene Ansätze herauszuarbeiten. Für letzteres werden Beispiele angegeben sowie eine kurze Besprechung der Literatur.

---

Résumé Cet article décrit le développement de la recherche sur divers thèmes et idées dans un domaine relativement nouveau — celui de l'éducation physique et du sport comparés — depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale. Ce domaine est étroitement lié à celui de la pédagogie comparée. C'est également vrai en ce qui concerne son histoire, sa définition, ses objectifs, etc. et sa méthodologie. Les practiciens d'éducation physique ont donc d'une part emprunté les méthodes des maîtres partisans de la pédagogie comparée et essayé d'élaborer leurs propres approches d'autre part. Quelques-unes de ces approches sont mentionnées. Une brève liste de la littérature sur ce thème est incluse.

     

Higher education in small territories : Political transition and development in Macau

Scholars and practitioners have argued with increasing force that small states are not simply small-scale versions of large states. Rather, they have suggested, small states have distinctive generic features and require distinctive policies. This paper focuses on Macau, which is an autonomous Special Administrative Region within China, and which has features which are comparable to those of small sovereign states. The paper shows ways in which Macau’s small size has shaped higher education in the territory. Small size is of course not the only determinant of the shape and scale of higher education in Macau, but it is nevertheless shown to be a significant determinant. Through this case study, the paper contributes to the broader literature on education in small states.     

School-site decision making in multicultural education: An Australian perspective

This paper examines a number of issues related to multicultural education and curriculum change. It focuses on school-level projects that were developed in Western Australian schools from 1979–1981. The results of the research raised the following points: teachers viewed multicultural education as a psycho-social rather than a socio-political phenomenon; the aims of multicultural education were seen to be best achieved by the collection of specific resource material; on-site implementation of the projects often led to changes being made to the original intentions of the project designers; qualitative research techniques proved more sensitive in portraying and consequently understanding the complexities associated with project implementation, and, finally, it seemed clear that more emphasis should be placed on understanding the role of the teacher as a policy mediator. It is at the school level that the final decisions are made about national policy intentions.

---

Zusammenfassung In diesem Bericht werden eine Anzahl von Fragen untersucht, die sich mit der Veränderung in der multikulturellen Erziehung und im Curriculum beschäftigen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Projekten für Schulabgänger, die in Schulen Westaustraliens in der Zeit von 1979–1981 entwickelt wurden. Einige der Ergebnisse waren: Lehrer sahen multikulturelle Erziehung weniger als ein psychopolitisches, mehr aber als ein psychosoziales Problem; die Zielvorstellungen der multikulturellen Erziehung erschienen am besten an Hand spezifischen Quellenmaterials erreichbar; bei der Anwendung der Projekte waren häufig Abänderungen der ursprünglichen Intentionen der Projektdesigner erforderlich; qualitative Forschungstechniken erwiesen sich bei der Darstellung und infolgedessen bei dem Verständnis der mit der Projektausführung verbundenen komplexen Umstände als besonders geeignet. Schließlich wurde deutlich, daß die Rolle des Lehrers als Vermittler der Bildungspolitik mehr Aufmerksamkeit zuzudenken ist. Auf der Schulebene fallen die endgültigen Entscheidungen über die Intentionen der nationalen Bildungspolitik.

---

Résumé Ce document étudie un certain nombre de problèmes relatifs à l'éducation multiculturelle et aux changements qu'il peut occasionner au niveau du curriculum. Il place un accent sur les projets concernant l'école qui ont été dévelopés en Australie occidentale de 1979 à 1981. Les résultats de ces recherches ont soulevé un certain nombre de points: les enseignants ont considéré l'éducation multiculturelle plutôt en tant que phénomène psycho-social que socio-politique et il s'est avéré que les objectifs de l'éducation multiculturelle pouvaient être le mieux atteints en réunissant des matériels de référence spécifiques; la mise en oeuvre sur place a souvent conduite à des changements qui ont été apportés aux premières intentions des planificateurs du projet; les techniques de recherche qualitative se sont montrées le plus efficaces dans la définition et par conséquence dans la compréhension des problèmes liés à la mise en oeuvre du projet et finalement, il a semblé qu'un accent soit placé sur la définition du rôle de l'enseignant en tant que médiateur politique. C'est au niveau de l'école que les décisions finales sont prises en ce qui concerne les intentions politiques nationales.

     

国际视野中的合作伙伴教师教育：理念、模式与启示

当下,大学与中小学建立合作伙伴关系是世界教师教育改革的重要策略.基于伙伴的教师教育强调职前教师培养、在职教师专业发展和学校改进;基本模式有PDS模式、咨询合作模式、结对合作模式和团队合作模式.影响合作伙伴效果的因素包括文化因素、组织因素、心理因素、情境因素、协作因素、制度因素等.基于合作伙伴的教师教育改革致力于大学与中小学的共同发展.     

An international comparison of equity in education systems

This paper uses pupil responses to the PISA study in 2000 for all EU countries. Using indicators of the pupil intakes to schools and their outcomes it computes segregation indices for 15 countries, and then tries to explain the resulting patterns in terms of the characteristics of national school systems. Segregation by sex in each country is explicable by its provision of single‐sex schools, religious schools, and the use of academic selection in allocating school places. Segregation by outcome is largely explicable by the use of academic (and other forms of) selection. Segregation by parental occupation or country of birth is lower in countries allocating places at school through elements of choice or with relatively little governmental control of schools rather than use of rigid catchment areas or selection. In all countries there are small gaps between the performance of boys and girls in reading, in favour of girls. This gap is generally smaller in countries with the highest overall scores. Overall, the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Finland and Denmark show less segregation on all indicators, while Germany, Greece and Belgium show the most. The UK has below average segregation in terms of all indicators except sex, despite a commonly held but unfounded view that segregation in the UK is among the worst in the world.     

国际化视角下的德国“卓越计划”

本文考察了世界强国德国的大学排名表现.论文引用率和其他一些衡量指标数据显示,德国大学未能获得良好的国际认可.本文还分析了德国对此种情况的反应,包括其世界一流大学发展战略.这一战略是集中投入大量资金,试图使一小部分大学在研究和知识创造上取得更好的成绩和更大的国际影响.这种策略来自于对美国和英国一流大学策略的借鉴.但是我们还需意识到,拥有一些顶尖大学和拥有一个优秀的大学体系是两回事.当今所有国家都需要更多拥有更多具有技术能力与创新精神的专业人员,以此发展经济和提供公共服务.如果将优先目标设为与哈佛大学竞争,而不是建设一个庞大且有效的高等教育体系,这将是一个错误的判断.卓越品质,即使是世界一流水平的卓越,也只是有效的教育体系的一个方面.